UNIT REVIEW
Unit 1 1200-1450
1.1 east asian development: song dynasty: confucian views→had superiors, tong-song influence, illustrate of neo-confusion innovation(taoism and buddhism), women legal rights, foot binding, imperial bureaucracy growth→civil service exam, korean adapted chinese ways (confucian), japan voluntary influence of imperial bureaucracy,vietnam adopted confucian buddhism and exam, Buddhism adopted, paper money, iron and steel, champa rice (from vietnam)
1.2 developments of dar-al-islam: judaism, christianity, islam (final profit), abbasid caliphate ethnically arab, dominated by turkic but still muslim, seljuk empire→abbasid takeover, now in power, sharia law from quran continued, Nasir al-din al-tusi: inventor and mathematician, house of wisdom; golden age of islam for education center of scholarship, expansion of muslim rule: military exemption, muslim merchants, sufism of open beliefs, South east asia(india): buddhism, hinduism, and islam, buddhism shrank, delhi sultanate spread muslim, bhakti movement: innovation of hinduism, rajput kingdom→muslim rule bijayananda kingdom also rule→converted back to hinduism
1.3 Americas: mesoamerica:aztec empire, huge tribute states(conquered were labored and human sacrifice), decentralized
Inca empire: bureaucracy, mit’a system→all citizens were under state labor, centralized, Mississippian culture: agricultural focus, cahokia people
1.4 Africa: Swahili civilization:trading on east african coast, independent outcall, influenced muslim religion only elites,
Hausa kingdom: trans-saharan network trade
Great zimbabwe 1250-1450: farming and cattle herding, wealthy on gold exports stayed indigenous religion
ethiopia: christianity, hierarchical power structure
1.5 Europe: dominated christianity (eastern orthodox and roman catholic),
byzantine empire: eastern orthodox represent old east roman empire
Kievan Rus: eastern orthodox, large trade network,
roman catholic christianity: west roman area, church had high influence, no large european empires, decentralization, feudalism, manorialism → serfs
Unit 2 1200-1450
2.1 Cultural Diffusion: network of exchange→shared goods religion, technology through merchant, similarities in trade: 1200-1450, networks increased=state connection and growth of wealth and power, expanded due to commercial practice and technological innovation,
2.2 Trading systems: Silk road: luxury goods(silk and porcelain), increase demand→increase creation, caravan created safety along routes and created cultural grouping, commercial practice→money economy and credit(from china), large trading cities→kashgar, had water
Indian ocean network: monsoon winds of predictability, common goods(textiles and spices), technological innovation: magnetic compass, astrolabe(measure stars), new ship designs( chinese junks) Commercial practices: cred and money, state growth: swahili state→ grew in power and wealth, broker area, islam into dar-al-islam, diasporic communities(settlement of ethnic people a location other than their homeland): cultural intermarriage to secure trade Ming Zheng He: sailed in indian ocean, incorporated tribute system, spread of marine technology
Trans-saharan trade network: camel saddle→for large cargo Mali empire: conversion to islam in 9th century, peaked in 13th, mansa musa created trade connection and strengthened economy
2.3 consequence of connection: cultural: buddhism→change, literacy transfer(house of wisdom) scientific technology(gunpowder), rise and fall of cites(hangzhou rise from grand canal and became wealthy)(Baghdad destroyed 1258 from mongols), travelers wrote about experience(ibn Battuta from morocco took notes about cultures around dar-al-islam)
Environmental: Transfer of crops(champa rice and offered to china through tribute system from champa kingdom) Transfer of disease(bubonic plague from china in rats traveled through routes all over eurasia)
2.4 the mongol empire: established largest land based empire(byzantine and song dynasty fell to mongols)khanates were rulers under mongols, networks exchange increased, flourished due to safety, facilitated huge communication under mongol empire and created wealth, facilitated technological(created conditions for medical knowledge) and cultural (Uyghur script from turkic muslim group) transfers
Unit 3 1450-1750
3.1 Land-based empires EXPAND: territorial based empires, examined from military use of gunpowder, all ended up clashing for cultural and political views together through expansion, safavid and mughal empire for gulf and Shi’a and sunni rivirally, songhai and moroccan fight which moroccan had gunpowder
ottoman empire: dardanelles(water to campaign expansion), adoption and development of gunpowder, constantinople→istanbul city
Safavid empire: ismail created growth of Shi’a muslim(true successor must be a blood relative) state, shah abbas→major expansion
Mughal empire: Babur replaced delhi sultanate, used cannons to use reach, akbar created a huge expansion and became most prosperous empire
Chinese dynasties: ming dynasty→1300’s, han ideas agian(confucian and gunpowder)→Qing dynasty→established by machu people not ethnically han
3.2 Land-based empires ADMINISTRATION: legitimize power, consolidate power bureaucracy, devshirme system: a system the ottomans staffed their imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, most of whom were enslaved, military expansion: janissaries religion art and power: rule by divine right of kings(europe), human sacrifice(aztecs), inca sun temple, financing imperial expansion: zamindar system (mughal empire)→ collect tax for imperial power through citizens, tax farming(ottoman empire)→authorized to collect taxes to enrich themselves and collect more taxes
3.3 Land-based empires BELIEF SYSTEMS: Christianity in europe: shared culture, church was active in many states, eastern orthodox dominate in east and roman catholic church dominate in west before this time, church indulgences, martin luther→wrote 95 theses on the wrong teachings of the church spread quickly through europe, protestant reform→catholic reformation which led to change, switch of reform or continued catholic
Islam: in ottoman empire and safavid empire, split of ottoman Sunni and Safavid Shi’a, wanted to claim each other territory
Changes in South Asia: Mughal empire held muslim power but majority Hindu, Bhakti movement→innovation on hindu mythical beliefs and islam sufism exchange blended, sikhism blended held both belief systems
Unit 4 1450-1750
4.1 Europe innovation adoption and innovation of maritime technology in europe from islam and asian (compass, astrolabe, latten sail), made own ships(caravel) better navigation, better understanding of regional winds, growth of state power→centralized power, needed to switch to marine routes for cheaper prices, economic→mercantilism wanted most they could have in gold and silver which created favorable balance of trade, increased need for colonization and closed markets, joint-stock company, states relied on merchants to expand their influence and merchants relied on states, Dutch company→dominated india ocean, competing states on taxing
4.2 Establishing Maritime Empires: portugal: prince henry got voyagers, trading post empires in india and called it factories→dominant power of indian ocean routes
spain: christopher columbus sailed accidentally to America’s instead of indian ocean, ideas of colonization, spanish wanted trade→colonized philippines(tribute and corecred labor) became rich\
France: west presnese in canada accidental, fur trade
England: exploration into americas after defeating spain, naval power in india
Dutch: gained independence sent control into DOC, new amsterdam
4.3 Columbian Exchange: environmental phenomena, transfer of disease → europeans introduced smallpox and measles to americas, killed majority “the great dying”, food and plants→europeans brought olives wheat grapes sugar and bananas, america’s introduced potatoes and maize, population explosion, plantation increase leading to cash cropping, caribbean export of sugarcane to eurasia, animals→ introduce pigs and sheep and cattle to america
4.4 Resistance to imperial expansion: asian states resist against the intrusion of western powers in the indian ocean, tokugawa Shogun→interested in gunpowder, spread of christianity, didn’t allow christianity and got rid of missionaries, resistance of local level in european states themselves: france held absolutism and fronde of new edicts of increased taxation→nobles enslaved resistance: forced labor, wanted to stop free black people
4.5 Effect: expansion of African States: maritime trading networks fostered the growth of african states connecting global economic linkage, Asante empire: produced goods for european traders made them very rich and military expansion Kingdom of the knogo: supported portuguese, converted to christianity to support trade connection
4.6 Change and continuity in networks of exchange: indian ocean trade: change→ entrance and massive power grabs of european states into network Continuity→ asian merchants continued to use indian ocean network, established merchants like Gujaratis continue to make use of indian ocean, overland routes were still almost full control of various asian land empires, peasant and artisan labor continued for demand of food
Atlantic system: Change → open of the atlantic system movement of sugar need in carribeans, silver from spanish mined into europe(for luxury good buy from china), coerced labor
4.7 Changes in Labor systems: economies in americas from europe were based mining and agriculture, Mit’a system, spanish used to for private mines and spanish state and change from Inca, New labor systems: Chattel Slavery→ 2/1 of enslaved were men(for labor work), Trans-atlantic slave trade was huge compared to counterparts, Racial component of atlantic slave system(social effects of trans-atlantic slave trade:gender imbalance,change of family structure, cultural synthesis and growth of creole) Indentured Servitude→ labor would sign contract that bound them to period of work, free after contract of time Encomienda system→ used by spanish to divide indigenous americans among spanish settlers forced to provide labor for spanish for food, not about ownership but control of indigenous Hacienda: indigenous labors forced to work in plantations
4.8 Effects: changing belief systems: catholic missionaries such as jesuits for spread of christianity, privately practiced previous beliefs, gelogus syncretism.
4.9 Effects: Change of social hierarchies: ethnic and diversity views: jews→ lived in spain and got kicked out for beliefs if no conversion, portugal explored as well, Mehmed 2 allowed jews in ottoman empire Rise of new political elites: spanish imposed new hierarchy caste system on colonial holdings→ based on ranks and ancestry of spain, erased diversity among cultural natives, transition of ming to qing→established by machu(non chinese) reserve best positions for ethnic manchu rather than han cultural struggles of existing elites→ increase power of monarchs influence decreased, russian boyars peter the great wanted to take the power and abolished to serve state directly
Unit 5 1750-1900
5.1 The enlightenment: rationalism, empiricism, developed from scientific revolution: developed of to associate to human society ideas, re-exam of religion, couldn’t question the bible in christianity which was shift of authority of the bible Deism: god that created all things but didn’t create order atheism:rejection of religion
political ideas: individualism, natural rights, John Lark argued for human rights by God for all, Social contract,
effects of enlightenment: Major revolutions(American, French Haitian, and latin american revolutions) which rejected traditional ways and created new political power→ nationalism, suffrage increase, abolition of slavery. 1807 britain abolition, serfs became unnecessary with industrial work, women suffrage
5.2 Nationalism and revolutions: causes of revolutions: rise of nationalism public rituals for unity and military service, political dissent(rejected authority for change) ex. safavid empire, new ways of thinking(ideologies), such as popular sovereignty, democracy, liberalism atlantic revolutions: american revolution→independent governing, britain had seven war debts and wanted colonies to pay and new enlightenment, which led to declaration of independence and won in 1776
French revolution: began in 1789, soldiers returned with suspension to the king, established republic against authority, created declarations of men citizens
Haitian revolution: 1791,toussaint l'ouverture led revolution of black rebellion for rights under coerced labor
Latin american revolution: spanish and portugal colonized were influenced by enlightenment, simon bolivar fought for liberate won for independence
other nationalist movements: higher degree of self declaration, propaganda movement: in philippines absorbed ideas of enlightenment, spanish suppressed,
5.3 Industrial revolution beginning: industrial revolution, changed balance of political power, changed society and made nations rich, Britain reach first: 1750, efficient manufactured goods through water ways, geographical distribution of coal and iron, access to foreign resources from colonies which were raw materials(cotton, timber), improved agricultural production(crop rotation, seed drill), columbian exchange shared food diversity, rapid urbanization, legal protection of private property→ create head start in industrial entrepreneurship, accumulation to the capital, atlantic slave trade where capitalist profit which factories helped
- france: adopt tech, slower->lack coal+iron,spared social upheavals
- US: real fast, many same factors brit, driven from workers wanting new opportunities
- russia: adopt tech, railroad + steam, trans siberian raildroad, brutal conditions for workers, state-driven affair bc lagging
- japan: meiji restoration-> defensive industrialization, adopt western tech+education
-1st industrial rev 1750-1830(britian)-coal,
- 2nd rev 1870-1914(europe,us,japan,russia)-oil,internal combustion engine(automoblie)
-> steel, bessemer process, cheaper, electricity light bulbs subways, telegraph
Interior regions grew-> railroads + telegraph, trade + migration increased shit ton
egypt->textile + weapon factories built, gov buy corps sold world market, tariffs increased
-> egypt war ottoman 1839, britian made egypt removed tariffs, indrustialization stunted
- japan-west dominate china, matthew perry guns, agressive gov, overthrow shogunate
-> meiji restoration-> adopt industrial prac, constiution, infrastucture
Free market economics increased, laissez faire -> gov out - people-> wealth even
Stock market increased, middle class created + big
Unit 6: 1750-1900 Consequences of Industrialization
Reasons 2nd imperialism wave to due..
nationalism
Scientific racism
Social darwinism
geo. focus diff, mainly africa, asia + s.e asia, britian, france, dutch, (same) germany, italy, japan, belgium, US(new)
Private control -> state control, king leopold II of belgium bought congo free state for himself, wanted rubber, belgium gov take over
Diplomacy(political agreements negotiation not war), warfare-> berlin confrence, all wanted africa, carved up africa for euro, french debt to alergia-> sent troops, flyswatter
Settler colonies-> send own people, brit in austrialia, neo euro, dieases
Conquer neighboors-> US- move westward, gov force indigenous to reservations, assim.
-> russia, pan slavism-unite all slavic people, japan over korea, manchuri
Causes resistance, question political aurthority, nationalism-want own culture
direct->Indian rebellion of 1857, agianst brit
New states-> cherokee nation in US, went west clash indig. gov + judicial sys
religion->xhosa cattle killing movement, brit more xhose, killed cattle-could take over brit- backfired on their asses
Need raw materials, export economies, cash crops
Need raw materials for industrial factories, exploit colonials (cotton in india + egypt)
Supply food to growing urban centers, more people to feed, import food elsewhere
effects-> profits-buy manufactured goods, colonies closed market need other markets
Econ dependence of colonial people on imperial parents->only interest of imperial, colonial more depend for own well being
Econ imperialism
Opium wars-> brit 1 port, trade imbalance, opium product in india increase-> addictive af, china addicted, qing officials ban, brit mad, wars, treaty of nanjing-> new ports, qing dynasty weaken, taiping rebellion get rid of foreign, qing gov crushed it, shit ton of debt + death, at weakness, -> 2 opium war-> more unequal treaties, china dominated econ
Trade in commodites(good buy + sell market) cotton(india egypt) export britain-> dependant
migration-> globally pop exploded, poverty in rural->move urban, famine (irish potato famine)
tech-> railroad + steamship helped migration, urbanization
Need work, voluntary + non
Men left homes to find work, sometimes gender roles changed depended on if there was another man there or not, women had more voice though
When ppl migrated, they brought culture with them and formed groups of similar ethnicities
Chinese ppl all over the world, left their food
Indians brought hinduism, not really the caste system, families worked on plantations
Irish worked in factories, catholic, joined labor unions
Italians came to the US and argentina (argentine spanish)
Immigrants were looked down upon for taking jobs
Unit 7: 1900-present Global Conflict
- ottoman empire- young turks → modernization, nationalism->turkic, began to rely of foreign loans, couldn't industrialize, dependant on euro
- russia: growing middle class wanted more voice + working mad,
russian revolution 1905-> didnt do much, everyone still mad,
WW1-> russian rev of 1917 Vladimir Lenin leader of Bolsheviks (Marxist) was successful-> communist
- Qing china: internal (taiping rebellion) external (opium wars + sino-japanese war)
Boxer rebellion anit foreigner movement, end imperial rule, then comm
- mexican: dictator ruler, all against him, civil war + peasant armies, consitinution -> widespread reforms
Causes WWI
Miliarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Assassination
Total war, both military + civilians in war effort, civilans targets
- propaganda to motivate, need to make sacrifices, nationalism to get point across
Tech: machine guns, tanks, chem gas, trench warfare, everyone did it, shit ton dead
Colonial troops came to help, did it so they could get independence
- US join bc german sink US ships -> allies, treaty of versailles in 1918->end
Treaty of versailles-> germany pay shit ton of money, debt, hyperinflation, owned money to others, colonial gov depend on parents-> in trouble bc parents were
- Lenin got comm gov new econ policy in 1923, limit free market, limited success w it
->joseph stalin->after->5 year plans(industrail capacity increase)
Did this by collectivization of agr.-> merge small priv farms into large collective farms - owned by the state
kulaks resist->sent to labor camps or killed, peasent farmers left, made lot less
All went to feed urban workers, millions perished
- Great depression 1929 stock crash, everyone rely on US to help w own debt-> everyone went down w US
- FDR->new deal but didnt really work, WW2 is what really made the econ recover
divided germany + ottoman territory w themselves
Mandate sys-> middle east mandates adminstered by the league of nations, 3 tiers
colonial parents didnt give children independence after helping w WW1
Japan expands, manchuri -> in violation of League of nations, japan quit league
Took over china manchukuo (puppet state)
Indian National Congress-> petition brit rule, didnt work til Gandhi protest (satyagraha nonviolence)
African Naitonal Congress-> = rights, oppose british racist rules (apartheid laws)
Causes WW2
Treaty of versailles, italy didnt get land, germany had to pay no military all blame for war
Imperialism, japan expand shit ton, italy took ethipoia, germany take back land
Appeased to hitler bc didnt want another war-> shit happened anyways
Economic crisis
Fascism, soviet union (stalin), wanted all world comm, mussolini made italy fascist state, germany hilter common enemy, cancel payments, remilitarize, solve econ problems
Another total war, more devestating, hilter invade poland -> biggest cause
-> axis power (germany, italy, japan) allied (britan, france, USSR, US)
Use of propaganda stayed
Facism (axis powers), communism (soviet econ), democracy (churchill used propaganda)
Japanese in US were forced to camps, jews were forced into ghettos+concentration camps
- new tech + strat: blitzkrieg use speed (tanks + planes), firebombing to urban areas, total war, atomic bomb by US used on japan
Unit 8: 1900-present Cold War and Decolonization
- US vs Soviet union -> global superpowers, france and britain not doing so hot
US-> almost no destructive consequences, rest of euro had to rebuild
Marshall plan-> us sent 13 billion to aid econ recovery for nations
Soviet-> hit hard by WW2 but at natural resources, large pop, and invested before WW2-> infrastucture alreadin place for recovery
- US made atomic bomb (tech king), USSR made own atomic bomb, race make shit ton of boms
- colonial parents called children to fight in war, hope for independence, after WW2 anti imperial movements around, imperial states no resources to fight-> decolonization
- conflicting ideologies (capitalism vs communism), want everyone else to have their ideologies
Mutual mistrust, germany split up 4 ways (france, britain, US, soviets) USSR wouldnt let go, “iron curtain”
- decolonization->new states, US + soviets raced to influence them to take their side
Non-aligned movement: new asian and african nations who didn’t want to get involved and instead work for the interests of developing nations
- NATO (against communist), society made Warsaw Pact (against capitalism)
- hydrogen bomb (so much more powerful) -> then soviet made one
1964 cuban missile crisis-> 13 days everyone scared everyone gonna get blowed up
-> nuclear weapons big problem
- no direct fighting, proxy wars
Korea: North(soviets), South(US), north invade south, fought each other w/o fight
Angola: everyone backed diff groups to gain gov power->civil war
Nicaragua too
- communism in china, -> nationalist party vs communist party (Mao Zedong) conflicts
1931 Japan invade china, came together to beat japan, once japan lose WW2, civil war again
Communist won, help of soviet
collectivization of agr-> peaceful bc trust w peasants Great Leap forward-> rapid industrialze, Mao thought soviet corrupt-> china did small scale in rural
- egypt, suez canal so important for euro powers (shortcut) overthrow british, canel under control of egypt alone, britain, france, israel pissed invade(nuclear threat) eisenhower say stop they did
- vietnam: communist north(land redistribution)(land to peasants) -> anti south
- Cuba: fidel castro, communist, launch land redistribution help w soviet to get away US
Negotiated independence ->
india, modernization, INC, Gandhi (nonviolence), India demand independence 1947, muslims league want new state (pakistan) shit ton violence
Armed -> large euro (violence)
- algeria-lots french national liberation front against french want independence, french targeted citizens, 1962 independence
-angola, portuguese, 3 groups want independence, 1975 ind. civil war for hold power, proxy war
- colonial boundaries, no respect for ethnic groups, broke apart + brought rivil together
- Israel: jews wanted their own state in Palestine but israel had a lot of Arab muslims who felt threatened when jews moved there
Partitioned into a jewish and muslim state but war broke out between them
- govs involed in econ in egypt + india
- lots migration, indian migrate to great britian (cultural + econ connections to it) metropoles
nonviolence:
Gandhi against oppressive british rule in India using demonstrations, leader of Indian national congress
Salt march to protest British salt monopoly
MLK protesting civil rights against discrimination by civil disobedience
Won supreme court decision, desegregating buses
Mandela originally had violent means, later non violent protest and elected president
Ending of cold war
- soviet union collaspe-> end of cold war
Tech and military advancements of US, were making weapons still after treaty to not bc of reagan, + soviets econ in 70s declining so couldnt keep up with manufacturing
Troubles in afghanistan, wanted incade, supported by US, couldnt get rural, 9 years to lose-> econ gone
Gorbachev policies, econ crisis, reducing planning from gov, openness, no mmore military intervention-> democratic reform movents in other state break free of control
1989 Berlin wall broke down, germany together
1991 -> dissolve soviet union
Unit 9: 1900-present Globalization
- Communication + transportation tech: radio used for mass communication (leaders could speak to citizens without having it translated into print and showing possible bias), television (same thing as radio but you can see the person), cellular technology made communication more efficient and quick, social media and its impact on the arab space, airlines made transportation quicker and shipped goods faster
Energy tech: originally from burning coal but switched to petroleum and natural gas but produces lots of pollution while nuclear energy is much cleaner
Agriculture tech: green revolution →new types of grains/wheat that were more resistant to pests by genetic engineering along with the increase use of pesticides to feed the growing population
Small farmers fell to corporation farms
Medical tech: development of antibiotics (saving millions of lives), increasing use of vaccines, birth control becoming more common
Spread of disease:
Poor people more vulnerable to disease due to limited access to healthcare and dirty water
Ex malaria in africa, tuberculosis bc impoverished people live in close proximity to one another and this disease spreads, cholera caused through water contaminations
Global epidemics: spread the spanish flu in 1918 when soldiers from wwi came home, HIV/AIDS outbreak in the 80s killing 25 million ppl, ebola has a death rate of 50% in Africa, COVID
These diseases spread because of the increase of trade routes and such
Disease due to living longer: alzheimers affecting the aging population, heart disease
Current environmental problems:
Deforestation due to increased need for food and farmland
Desertification due to soil becoming dry from deforestation and bad farming techniques
Decline in air quality due to industrialization in cities
Freshwater supply
Increase in global temperatures
Causes of these problems: globalization, industrialization, population growth, urbanization creating more waste and increasing demand
Effects: non renewable resources has a rising demand (oil, freshwater) and a lack of clean water, climate change + greenhouse gasses from industrialization
Free market economic use increase after the end of the cold war/collapse of the ussr
States that were in the soviet bloc switched to free market economies
States in the non aligned movement also did this
Ex: the US and Britain encouraged the growth of free market economies, chicago boots went out to improve chile’s economy, china allowed private ownership originally but then citizens wanted more freedoms so they switched
Knowledge economies: an economy that depends on the quality and quantity of information available which can then be monetizes as a commodity
Lots of workers have more thinking jobs than jobs like factory workers, etc (finland and japan)
Japan started manufacturing a lot, then later in the century switched to a knowledge economy
When knowledge work increases, manufacturing work decreases and moves to Asia and Latin America
Workers are paid lower wages in those countries so its cheaper to manufacturer them there
Transnational free trade corporations: an agreement between nations that eliminates barries of exchange (eg tariffs)
An example is north american free trade agreement between US, canada, y mexico where mexico will not impose tariffs on goods exported to the US and Canada
Association of southeast asian nations with the philippines, thailand, indonesia, singapore, etc that helps the growth of the two nations
World trade organization helps reduce tariffs
All these help facilitate the globalization of trade
Multinational corporations: a thing which is incorporated in one country but manufacturers and sells goods in other countries
Employ knowledge workers in their country while producing goods in other countries and selling the goods to the entire globe
Example: Nestle, Mahindra & Mahindra in india
With a more connected world, ppl started questioning long standing assumptions about race, class, gender, etc
Unicef helped children
International bill of rights for women, gradually given rights to hold political power
Negritude movement celebrated black and african culture
Liberation theology in latin america
Nelson mandela helping end apartheid in south africa, world was increasingly against this discrimination by banning south africa from the economy, olympics, etc
Discrimination against lower castes in india was banned in the mid 1900s and establsihed caste reservation system
Chinese ocmmunist party ruling china did not care for human rights, government kills protesters
Uighurs are a minority muslims in china being discriminated against
Environmental groups sprung up opposing the harsh effects manufacturing in developing countries had on the environment (greenpeace)
How globalization changed culture:
More politically cooperative through the EU, united nations
Harlem renaissance in ny where black americans moved to ny and produced lots of literature, music, art, and created jazz
radio/movies/tv allowed cultures to spread, same with airplanes and trains
Reggae and kpop african and korean cultures and being spread
Hollywood creates successful movies which spread american culture + values throughout the world
Bollywood movies also spread throughout the world
olympic games and world cup have ppl from all over the world watching the same thing
Rise of globalization also leads to a rise in consumerism
Ppl from all over the world using the same products as well
Allows culture to quickly be diffused
Resistance to globalization:
Ppl anti globalization bc it worsens the state of the environment, ignores human rights in some way and ignores developing nations
Battle for seattle:
Protests against the world bank for favoring rich countries
People in rich countries enjoy comforts and luxury at the expense of the global south
Developing nations by the equator are most impacted by climate change from globalization
Some trade agreements use child labor and ignore human rights (livable wage)
Social media was banned in parts of the world such as china for inspiring uprisings
International organizations:
United nations created after wwii so another war didn’t happen again and maintain world peace
Used discussion and negotiation
Established a security council but sometimes not effective and didn’t keep peace
International court of justice to solve problems dealing with international law
Helps give refugees necessities