Studied by 165 peoplenatural light source
light made naturally
Artificial light source
Made by man
Incandescent
Produces light from high heat temperatures
Fluorescent
Electric light formed in tube shape and light being produced on inside by mercury Vapor and phosphor coating
chemiluminescence
Light coming from a chemical reaction
Bioluminescence
A light produced by nature; natural
Transparent
When an object lets all light through
Translucent
When light partially passes through
Opaque
When no light passes through
Light is absorbed
Incident ray
The light ray hitting the reflective surface
Reflected ray
The light ray being reflected of the reflective surface
The normal
Imaginary line of the middle
Plane mirror
Flat reflective surface
Light form
energy
electromagnetic radiation
light particle
photon
visible light spectrum
on the electromagnetic spectrum
longer wavelength vs shorter wavelength
longer wavelength - less energy
shorter wavelength - more energy
photoelectric effect
where you see light as a particle
double slit experiment
shows light is a wave
Reflection
When a light ray bounces off an object
Law of reflection - reflection off a smooth surface must have an angle of a reflection equal to the angle of incidence
Refraction
when light changes direction when passing though an object
When light hits the substance it slows down, drifts, then when out of the substance, it changes direction
Denser material → bends towards the normal
Less dense material → further from the normal
Light transmission
light passes through all the way
Ex: a window
Light absorption
when light doesn’t pass through
Ex: a desk
Concave mirror
Concave mirror - reflects inward and upside down
Ex: telescope
Concave lens
reflects outward
Used for glasses lens for people with myopia; nearsightedness
Convex mirror
reflects outward and image appears smaller
Ex: security mirrors
Convex lens
Reflects inward towards the focal point
Used for people with hyperopia; farsightedness
parts of the eye
Cornea
Retina
Lens
Optic nerve
Cones
Rods
Aqueous Humor
Pupil
Iris
Sclera
Ciliary muscle
Virtuous Humor
Real image vs virtual image
Real image - when rays converge
Virtual image - when rays diverge
examples of vision enhancing technologies
laser eye surgery
Glasses
VR
Class 1, 2, 3 lever
C1 - fulcrum in middle
C2 - fulcrum on left
C3 - fulcrum on right
Effort force
Force applied to machine
the force we apply to move the object (input force)
Load force
the object that is trying to be moved
effort arm
Where effort is applied (the input force)
Load arm
The arm that carries the load
Mechanical advantage (MA)
Ratio of input force to output force
Inclined plane
A slope, mainly to push objects down
Work
The amount of work being done to an object, what force has caused it to do
Work input
Amount of energy put into the machine
Work output
The work that was done by a machine
Wheel and axle
A wheel that spins around an axle
Gear
Turn force to motion
Gear train
2 or more gears working together
Chain and sprocket
Chain that hooks into the teeth of the gears and moves them
Driven gear vs driving gear
Driven - the front gear
Driving - the last gear
Speed ratio
ratio of output speed to input speed
Greater than one - driven gear slower than driving gear, increasing torque (rotation) but reducing speed
Equal to one - spins at equal speeds
Less than one - gears turn faster, less torque more speed
Fixed pulley
Rope attached to fixed point
Movable pulley
Free to move up or down
Compound pulley
Fixed and movable pulley
Potential Energy
The energy that is stored
Kinetic energy
Energy made by motion
Energy transmission
same type of energy moves from one object to another
Energy conversion
energy switches to different type in same object
Efficiency
how much energy from machine was transferred to load
stated as percent
higher efficiency, better at transferring energy
never a completely efficient machine because there is a loss of energy
Friction
Force that stops motion when in contact with two surfaces
Complex machine
Made of two or more simple machines
subsystems
System that are apart of a larger system
Greater than 1
Force advantage
Less than 1
Speed advantage
Equal to one
No advantage of moved direction to effort
Work formula
W = F x D
Measured in joules
Ramp and lifting straight up equal work
More distance is needed while using a ramp
Water quality
Condition and characteristics of water
Ground water
Water that is stored underground
Salinity
The amount of salt found in the water
Erosion
Weather displaces sediments
Ocean basins
The largest depression in earth
glaciation
land is covered by glaciers
El Nino and la nina
El Nino - when ocean temperatures rise
La Niña - ocean temperatures cooling
Phosphates
Chemical compound that contains phosphorus
water distribution
drinking water that comes from plant goes to taps
potable
water that is safe to consume
osmosis
low concentration to a high concentration
deposition
laying down sediments through weather
sea wall
wall to protect shore from erosion
currents
movement of seawater by gravity, winds, and water density
turbidity
water quality of being cloudy, thick, or opaque
evaporation
when liquid gets turned into vapor; liquid to gas
reverse osmosis
forcing salty or brackish water through a semipermeable membrane by applying pressure, leaving solutes on one side of the membrane
flow rate
how fast a liquid flows
gulf stream
ocean water has more thermal energy then atmosphere
thermal energy transfers to air
sediment
solid material that is moved and moved to new location
dissolved oxygen
oxygen that is in water
upwelling
when cold nutrient water is pushed to the top of the ocean
Ocean formation
coastline
Continental shelf
Continental slope
Continental slide
Abyssal plain
Oceanic trench
Volcanic island
Two main factors that impact ocean currents
salinity
Temperature
Increased temperature and salinity
increased temperature expands water slightly, making it dense and causes upwelling to happen
Increased salinity increases density by the amount of salt dissolved in water
Currents
Move heat, nutrients, and oxygen around ocean
Waves and tides
surface waves caused by wind
Visible flow of energy
Tides because of moons gravitational pull
Glaciers
erratics proves glaciers move over time
Form in a cirque
Form terminal or lateral moraines
Creation of wide valleys (U shaped)
Stream and river characteristics
intermediate, small, and fine types of sediments
Erosion can cause rivers to form into a new shape
Fresh water solutions
distillation - salt water turned into fresh water
Reverse osmosis- forcing salty or brackish water through semipermeable membrane by applying pressure, leaving solutes on one side, and the other has fresh water
Environmental challenges for marine organisms
temperature
Water movement
Water pressure
Light
Salinity
Note
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