Anatomy Mini Test - Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Physiology

the study of the function of body parts and how they work together

Anatomy and Physiology are interrelated. Name some examples:

Capillaries in lungs → thin for gas exchange

Dislocated shoulder → prevent flexing of arm

Levels of Organization In The Body From Simplest To Most Complex

Chemical → Cellular → Tissues → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Chemical Examples:

Atoms, Molecules (ex. H20)

Cellular (Individual Cells) Examples:

-Smallest living unit

Ex: blood cell, muscle cell, etc.

Tissues:

A group of cells with a common function

Tissue Examples:

Blood, muscle, bone

Organ:

2 or more tissues with a common function

Organ Examples:

Blood Vessel

Organ System:

Organs that work together to perform a common function

Organ System Examples:

Cardiovascular System

Organism:

Sum total of organ system working together

Organism Examples:

A human being (single celled organisms count)

Necessary Life Functions:

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

Maintaining boundaries:

Keep internal ans external environments separate.

Maintaining Boundaries.. Cellular Level and Organismal Level

Cellular Level: Cell membrane

Organismal Level: Skin

Movement:

Of whole body or body parts and of substances within the body

Movement Examples:

Whole Body: Running

Responsiveness:

Ability to sense changes in environment and respond to them; primarily a function of the nervous system.

Responsiveness Examples:

If you step on a nail → you withdraw foot

Rising blood CO2 → increase breathing rate

Digestion:

Breaking down of food into something usable by cells

Metabolism:

All chemical reactions in body

Metabolism Examples:

Chemical digestion of food; making ATP

Excretion:

Removing wastes / unwanted substances from the body

Excretion Examples:

CO2, Feces, Urine

Reproduction:

Cellular Level: Growth and repair

Organismal Level: For perpetuation of species (making more of)

Growth:

Increase in size of body part or organism.

Usually due to increase in number of cells but can also be due to increase in size of cells (ex. muscle)

Survival Needs:

Nutrients, Oxygen. Water, Normal Body Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure

Nutrients:

Substances needed for energy & cell building

Nutrients Examples:

Fats, Carbs, Proteins, Vitamins

Oxygen:

Required for chemical reactions that release energy from food

Water:

Body is 50-60% water; serves as a medium for chemical reactions

Normal Body Temperature:

Needed to maintain approperiate rate of chemical reactions

Atmospheric Pressure:

Needed for proper gas exchange in lungs

Anatomical Position:

Body is in standing position, with head and feet facing forward, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward

Right and Left:

Anatomical Right: the body’s right side, NOT your right

Anatomical Left: the body’s left side

Superior/Cranial:

Toward the head end of the upper part of the body; above

Inferior/Caudal:

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below

Anterior/Ventral

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior/Dorsal

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

The calf of the leg is ___ to the shin

posterior

The mouth is ___ to the chin

superior

The eye is ___ to the eyebrow

inferior

The breastbone is ___ to the backbone

anterior

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body

NOTE: “middle” in a name means a part is between two other similar things

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; towards the side

Proximal

Closer to the point of origin

For the limbs: closer to the point of attachment to the body trunk

For a tube: closer to the end where material enters

Distal

Farther from the point of origin

For the limbs: farther from the point of attachment to the body trunk

For a tube: closer to the end where material exits

Are the terms Superior and Inferior used with limbs?

NO! Instead, use Proximal and Distal

Superficial/External

Toward or at the body surface

Deep/Internal

Away from the body surface

The ears are __ to the nose

lateral

The knee is __ to the ankle

proximal

The breastbone is __ to the belly button

superior

The skull is __ to the scalp

deep

The hand is __ to the forearm

distal

The belly button is __ to the stomach

superficial

The pinkie finger is __ to the thumb

medial

The Two Divisions:

Axial and Appendicular

Axial:

Refers to the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular:

Refers to the appendages, or limbs (arms and legs)

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane

Divides body into right and left portions

Midsaggital

Saggital plane in the midline

Frontal or Coronal Plane

Vertical Plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse or Horizontal Plane

Also called a cross section

Horizontal plane

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

The knee is a part of the __ division

Appendicular

The ears are part of the __ division

Axial

A slice that passes through both shoulders and both hips is in the ___

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A slice that passes through the breastbone, vertebral column, and belly button is in the _____

Midsagittal plane

A slice that passes through both eyes and the back of the head is in the __

Transverse/Horizontal plane

A slice that passes through the knee, the heel, and between two toes is in the __

Sagittal plane

Integumentary System:

Organs: Skin, Hair, Nails

Function: Forms the external body covering; synthesizes Vitamin D, site of cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System: 

Organs: Bones and joints

Function: Protects and supports body organs; framework for muscles; forms blood cells; stores minerals

Muscular System:

Organs: Skeletal muscle

Function: Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat

Nervous System:

Organs: Brain, sensory receptors, spinal cord, nerves

Function: Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine System:

Organs: Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands and the thymus, pancreas, ovary, and testis

Function: Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

Cardiovascular System: 

Organs: Heart, blood vessels

Functions: Transports blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients; pumps blood

Lymphatic System/Immunity:

Organs: Lymph nodes, red bone marrow, spleen, thoracic duct, and lymphatic vessels

Function: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris; houses white blood cells; mounts attack against foreign substances within the body

Respiratory System

Organs: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs

Function: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen. and removes carbon dioxide; gaseous exchange

Urinary System

Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Function: Eliminates nitrogeneous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Digestive System

Organs: Oral avity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

Function: breakdown of food into substances that can be absorbed (for energy)

Male Reproductive System

Organs: Peens, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens, and prostate gland

Function: Produces sperm and male sex hormone; aid delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract

Female Reproductive System

Organs: Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, and uterine tubes

Functions: Produces eggs, female sex hormones, and milk; provides site for development of fetus