9th Grade AP Modern World History Final Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for 9th Grade AP Modern World History Final Exam Review

Columbian Exchange

The extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old World and the New World.

Zheng He

Chinese eunuch who made 7 sea voyages for Ming throughout Indian Ocean establishing new trade networks; Also known as the Columbus of the East

The Middle Passage

The horrific 6–10-week voyage for enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean.

Absolutism

Derived from the divine right of kings, a system where the monarch or ruler has complete power over all aspects of governing.

Louis XIV

Viewed as the greatest symbol of Absolutism, dubbed himself the “Sun King”.

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia and an absolute ruler who reorganized the army, created a police state, sought to Westernize Russian society, and built St. Petersburg.

Akbar the Great

Greatest ruler of the Mughals who tripled the empire’s size and wealth, pursued knowledge from foreign scholars, and was tolerant of other religions.

Scientific Revolution

Inspired the ideas of the Enlightenment using Bacon’s Scientific method to explore to improve the human condition using reasoning to evaluate the role of government’s role in the life of its people and their rights.

John Locke

Believed in products of environment (blank slate), natural rights, and the right to replace the government if these rights aren’t provided

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher and father of capitalism who believed in Laissez Faire Free market economics and that the government should not interfere with the economy.

Deism

Belief that a supreme being created the universe but does not intervene in it, championed by Enlightened thinkers like Voltaire

Haitian Revolution

In the late 18th and early 19th century led by Toussaint L'Ouverture and later Dessalines was the first successful independence movement of former slaves that granted true equality.

Maximilien Robespierre

Enlightened leader of the radical Jacobins and Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Emphasized basic rights such as liberty, equality, and fraternity. Equal rights for all men, but no political rights for women

Napoleon

General, Consul and Emperor, military genius who created vast empire and Napoleonic Code

Continental System

Napoleon's failed system and the rise of nationalism

Casta System

The Colonial Class System

Potosi

Silver mined by the Spanish at Potosi in South America led to the creation of coins known as Pesos de Ocho “Pieces of Eight” that became a globally accepted currency.

Joint Stock Companies

Companies in which people invested and bought shares to decrease risk on oversea ventures, leading to the Creation of first stock markets

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Simon Bolivar

Attempted to create Latin super country of Gran Columbia, Nicknamed the Liberator, Used ideals of Enlightenment

Nationalism

Pride in ethnic group, culture, religious background or country, the most important ism of the 19th century.

White Man’s Burden

Belief that Europeans had moral responsibility to educate and civilize those they viewed as inferior, European belief that their culture was superior, and Anglos were genetically more intelligent, thus giving them right to rule others.

Scramble for Africa

The 19th Century Division of African Territories by European Imperial Powers in search of Raw materials and resources.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1880’s called to peacefully divide up the continent between European powers, with no Africans invited which created most long-term boundaries.

Cecil Rhodes

Sought to link Egypt with South Africa via railway for British, also ignited Boer War over quest to acquire diamonds in Dutch regions

Meiji Restoration

Japan sought to become a modern imperial power that could compete and defend itself from Western imperial powers.

Sepoy Mutiny

Violent rebellion broke out in mid 19th century (1857) against British after sepoys were jailed, British quelled rebellion and then took more direct control of India as a result.

Opium Wars

Wars in China and Treaty of Nanking that opened China from its isolationist policies.

Taiping Rebellion

Bloodiest Civil War in history that began as a result of peasant unrest in China

Spheres of Influence

Region where a nation has exclusive rights.

Boxer Rebellion

Radical Chinese martial artists used violence in hopes of ridding China of foreign influences.

Mohandas Gandhi

Former Lawyer turned leader of INC who promoted civil disobedience in India.

MAIN

Causes of WWI - Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Trench Warfare

Type of warfare that characterized the Western front during WWI that led to a stalemate.

Zimmerman Note

Appeal by Germans for Mexico to attack US and return taken land. Factor in US entry into WWI.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Treaty signed by Russia, ceding Poland and exiting WWI.

Lenin

Bolshevik leader and follower of Karl Marx who returned from exile in Germany to lead the Russian Communist Revolution and Became first Soviet Premier.

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903 that seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution; Also known as Reds

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI. CP countries had no voice, France and GB dominated and benefitted the most, and France buried Germany,

League of Nations

Part of Wilson’s 14 Point Peace Plan that was established after the post WWI Paris Peace Conference.

Mandate System

The system in the Middle East after WWI that divided up territories for French and British divisions to maintain and control due to access to new important resource (oil)

Balfour Declaration

British response to Jewish Zionists call to return to Jewish original homeland in Palestine if they supported Allied effort.

5 Year Plan

Turn the USSR from an agricultural economy to an industrial one; was financed on the backs of Soviet citizens, leading to a low standard of living.

Gulags

Prison labor camps in Siberia.

blitzkrieg

German “lightning war” which refers to an all out attack using air and ground forces like planes, tanks troops, artillery.

Fascism

Political Party created by Mussolini in Italy

Battle of Stalingrad

A major turning point of WWII in Europe in which Germans take on Soviet during brutal winter.

Battle of Midway

Major victory by US against Japanese fleet from June 4-7 in 1942 and the Turning Point of Pacific War.

Battle of Britain

After Dunkirk, G.B. last holdout in Europe; Germans launch “The Blitz” - Massive bombing campaign against British cities where 1st use of radar w British perseverance pays off, Frustrated Germans move on. w GB Victory extends war and allows time for help.

Rape of Nanking

The 1937 invasion of Japan into the capital of China that resulted in mass murder, rape, and other atrocities.

Manhattan Project

Secret project to build an atomic bomb in NM with J. Robert Oppenheimer in charge.

The Holocaust

German systematic extermination of undesirable peoples in German Reich

Cold War

The period of political tension between the USA and USSR from 1945-1990

Berlin Wall

Ultimate symbol of the Cold War built in August of 1961 to divide Communist East of Berlin from Capitalist West in the form.

Joseph Goebbels

Reich Minister of Propaganda who Used mass media to promote Hitler and the greatness of the Reich.

Mein Kampf

While in jail he writes his vision for Germany, Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

Nuremberg Laws

Laws that defined Jews in Hitler’s new Germany which consisted of Loss of citizenship and civil rights, forbade German-Jew marriages/relationships and said they could not teach or partake in the arts

Munich Conference

Sept,1938 – Major Powers of Europe meet to discuss Germany’s expansion in Austria and the Sudetenland where GB Prime Minister Chamberlain backs down

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

The Soviet Union and Germany agree to not to fight each other if Germany invaded Poland.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister during WWII years of 1940-45 and from 1951- 55

D-Day, Operation Overlord

Allied invasion of Western Europe facing Hitler’s Atlantic Wall defense on the beaches of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 – Japan launches surprise attack against US Pacific fleet docked in Hawaii after US places demands Japan withdraw from French Indochina

Truman Doctrine

Policy to Protect nations from outside forces trying to implement hostile forms of government, US will intervene

island hopping

US strategy after Midway skip some islands, capture others – Get close enough to bomb Japan islands

kamikazes

Japanese pilots who sacrificed themselves near the end of the war to commit suicide using their planes by flying into enemy naval ships.

proxy wars

Wars fought during the Cold War that involved the battle between communism and capitalism however did not pit US and USSR in face-to- face combat, but did see them influence the conflicts

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Scariest Moment in the Cold War in 1962 when Soviets were caught building nuclear missile sites on Cuba

The Arms Race

Both countries build up deadlier weapons and militaries with the Believed an arsenal of nuclear weapons would prevent war

Sputnik

USSR launch the first satellite into orbit called Sputnik I

NATO

North American Treaty Organization Designed to provide a common security against the military threat of the USSR and its satellites.