Anatomy 338 Exam 3

sacroiliac joint

The joint formed between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, providing stability and support during movement.

os coxae

bones of the pelvis, formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

acetabulum

articular surface of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur and it forms the hip joint.

ilium

(large butterfly wing) — the most superior of the bones of the os coxae

arcuate line

a curved line on the ilium that defines the boundary between the pelvis and abdominal cavity.

iliac fossa

the cupped, concave area of the ilium that serves as the site for muscle attachment and supports the pelvic organs.

iliac crest

the superior border of the ilium, providing attachment for muscles and ligaments.

anterior superior iliac spine

lateral upper projection of the ilium, serving as an important landmark for muscle attachment and pelvic alignment.

anterior inferior iliac spine

lateral lower projection of the ilium, providing attachment for the rectus femoris muscle and supporting the hip joint.

posterior superior iliac spine

medial & superior projection of the ilium, serving as a landmark for anatomical and clinical reference.

posterior inferior iliac spine

medial & inferior projection of the ilium, important for pelvic anatomy and muscle attachments.

greater sciatic notch

A large indentation on the posterior border of the ilium — becomes the greater sciatic foramen as the sacrospinal ligament closes the notch, piriform passes through it. superior gluteal vessels & nerve pass above the piriformis in the foramen, & the inferior gluteal vessels & sciatic nerves pass inferior to the piriformis 

ala

posterior side of the ilium bone in the pelvis (butterfly wing)

ischium

(bottom butterfly wing) — posteroinferior bone of the os coxae

ischial spine

A bony projection on the ischium that serves as an attachment point for ligaments and muscles, contributing to the pelvic structure.

ischial tuberosity

bony prominence inferior to the ischial spine, serves as the origin for the hamstring muscles and supports the weight of the body when sitting.

ischial ramus

a part of the ischium that connects with the pubis, contributing to the structure of the pelvic bone.

lesser sciatic notch

a notch located on the ischium—becomes the lesser sciatic foramen when the sacrotuberal ligament closes the notch. transmits the obturator internus tendon, the nerve to this tendon, and other vessels & nerves to the pelvis

lunate surface

The smooth, curved surface of the acetabulum that articulates with the head of the femur, forming part of the hip joint.

pubis

anteroinferior bone of the os coxae

superior rami

a pair of bony extensions of the pubis that help form the pelvic arch and contribute to the acetabulum.

inferior rami

the projections of the pubis that extend downward and contribute to the formation of the obturator foramen.

pubic crest

the ridge on the superior part of the pubis that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.

pubic tubercle

A small, bony prominence on the superior part of the pubic bone that serves as an attachment point for the inguinal ligament.

obturator foramen

A large opening in the pelvis formed by the ischium and pubis, allowing passage for nerves and blood vessels.

pectineal line

A ridge located on the superior ramus of the pubis, serving as an attachment site for muscles and as a landmark for the pelvic inlet.

femur

longest bone of our body, located between the hip & knee

head of femur

ball on top — articulates with the acetabulum of the ox coxae to form the hip joint

fovea 

hole on the head of the femur — attachment point for the ligament of the head of head of the femur or the ligamentun teres

neck of femur

the region below the head of the femur that connects it to the shaft and is prone to fractures (weakest)

greater trochanter

higher large bony prominence — site of muscle attachment on the proximal aspect of the bone

insertion: gluteus medius & gluteus minimus

origin: vastus lateralis 

lesser trochanter

smaller lower bony prominence — site of muscle attachment on the proximal aspect of the bone

insertion: psoas major & iliacus muscles as the iliopsoas

gluteal tuberosity 

ridge on the femur for gluteus maximus attachment

linea aspera

the ridge on the posterior aspect of the femur that serves as an attachment site for several muscles, including the adductor longus, adductor brevis, hamstring part adductor magnus

medial condyle of the femur

articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint—medial side

lateral condyle of the femur

articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint—similar to the medial condyle, located on the opposite side.

medial epicondyle of the femur

attachment site for the medial collateral ligament (MCL) on the distal aspect of the femur

origin: medial head of the gastrocnemius

lateral epicondyle of the femur

attachment site for the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) on the distal aspect of the femur

origin: lateral head of the gastrocnemius

intercondylar fossae

depression between the condyles of the femur, serving as an attachment point for the cruciate ligaments of the knee

patellar surface

area on the distal femur where the patella articulates

patella

The kneecap, which articulates with the femur at the patellar surface and provides structural support to the knee joint.

sesamoid bone

sits within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle — a bone that is located within a tendon

medial arricular facet

The surface of the femur that articulates with the medial meniscus and the tibia.

lateral articular facet

The surface of the patella that articulates with the femur on the outer side of the knee joint.

tibia

The tibia is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, commonly known as the shinbone, and it supports most of the body's weight.

medial condyle of the tibia

The medial surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur, playing a critical role in knee joint function.

lateral condyle of the tibia

The lateral surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur, crucial for stabilizing the knee joint.

fibular articular facet

A small surface on the tibia where the fibula articulates, facilitating ankle joint movement.

tibial tuberosity

The prominent bony projection on the anterior aspect of the tibia, serving as the attachment site for the patellar ligament.

insertion: quadriceps nuscle group

gerdy’s tubercle

A bony prominence on the lateral aspect of the tibia that serves as an attachment point for the iliotibial band.

insertion: iliotibial tract (band)

pes anserine insertion

A conjoined tendon insertion on the anteromedial aspect of the tibia for the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles.

located below the knee joint, near the tibial tuberosity.

anterior border

The sharp edge along the anterior aspect of the tibia, providing attachment for muscles and enhancing stability.

medial malleolus

The bony prominence on the medial aspect of the ankle that is formed by the distal end of the tibia.

attachment site for ligaments of the talocurural (ankle) joint

fibula

The smaller of the two bones in the lower leg, located alongside the tibia, providing support and stability to the ankle.

head of the fibula

The upper end of the fibula that forms a joint with the tibia, providing stability and serving as an insertion point for the biceps femoris

articular facet 

A smooth surface on a bone that articulates with another bone, allowing for joint movement.

neck of the fibula

The region of the fibula between the head and the shaft, providing attachment for ligaments and muscles.

lateral mallelous 

The bony prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the distal end of the fibula, that provides stability to the ankle joint.

attachment site for ligaments of the talocrural (ankle) joint

interosseous membrane

A fibrous sheet that connects the shafts of the tibia and fibula, providing stability and transmitting forces between the two bones.

tarsals

posterior aspect of the foot consist of seven bones that form the midfoot and rearfoot, playing a crucial role in walking and balance.

calcaneous

we bear weight on this bone when we stand as it forms our heel

talus

the bone articulates with the tibia & fibula to form the ankle joint

navicular

this is the proximal medial bone of the mid-foot. it sits just posterior to the cuneiforms

cuneiform

three bones sit anterior to navicular on the medial aspect of the mid-foot

medial cuneiform

one of the three cuneiform bones that articulates with the navicular and the first metatarsal.

intermediate cuneiform

the bone located between the medial and lateral cuneiforms, contributing to the stability of the mid-foot.

lateral cuneiform

the bone situated laterally among the three cuneiform bones, contributing to the structure of the mid-foot.

cuboid

large lateral bone of the midfoot

metatarsals

long bones of the foot (numbered I-V based, I being the “big toe”)

phalanges

most distal bones that form the toes

proximal phalanges

the long bones that are closest to the metatarsals, forming the base of each toe. (Toes 2-5)

middle phalanges

the bones located between the proximal and distal phalanges in each toe, forming part of the toe structure for toes 2-5.

distal phalanges

the bones at the tips of the toes, providing support and balance. (Toes 2-5)

hallux phalanges

first toe with a proximal and distal phalanx

intertarsal joints

located between the tarsal bones

tarsometatarsal joints

located between the cuneiforms or cuboid and the metatarsal bones

metatarsophalangeal joints

located between the metatarsals and the phalanges

interphalangeal joints

located between the individual phalanges — in toes 2-5, proximal and distal joint

inferior gluteal neve

lower nerve in the gluteus — innervates the glutues maximus

gluteus maximus 

the largest muscle in the gluteal region 

actions: extends, laterally rotates, & abducts the hip

insertion: iliotibial tract (gerdy’s tubercle), gluteal tuberosity of femur 

innervation: inferior gluteal nerve

superior gluteal nerve 

 a branch of the sacral plexus — innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, & tensor fasciae latae

gluteus medius

A muscle located on the outer surface of the ilium 

actions: abducts and medially rotates hip

insertion: greater trochanter of femur

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

gluteus minimus

A muscle located beneath the gluteus medius

actions: abducts & medially rotates hip

insertion: greater trochanter of femur

innervation: superior gluteal nerve

piriformis

A muscle located in the posterior pelvis, superior to the sciatic nerve as the nerve exits the pelvis

action: laterally rotates the hip

quadratus femoris

flat, quadrilateral muscle located in the posterior hip, superior to the adductor magnus 

action: laterally rotates the hip

superior gemellus 

A small muscle located in the posterior hip, lying above the obturator internus and below the piriformis.

action: laterally rotates the hip

inferior gemellus

A small muscle located in the posterior hip, lying below the obturator internus and above the quadratus femoris.

action: laterally rotates the hip

obturator internus

A flat, triangular muscle located in the posterior hip, originating from the internal surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone.

action: laterally rotates the hip

obturator nerve

The obturator nerve is a major nerve in the lower limb that originates from the lumbar plexus. It supplies sensation to the skin of the medial thigh

innervates: gracillis, pectineus, adductor magnust (adductor part)

What muscles make up the medial thigh

adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, pectineus, adductor magnus

adductor longus

Long and narrow muscle in the medial thigh

actions: adducts, medially rotates, & flexes teh hip

insertion: linea aspera of the femur

innervation: obturator nerve

adductor brevis

A short muscle located in the medial compartment of the thigh.

actions: adducts, medially rotates, & flexes the hip

insertion: linea aspera of the femur.

innervation: obturator nerve

gracilis

A long, thin muscle in the medial thigh 

actions: hip: adduction, medial rotation, knee: flexion, medial rotation

innervation: obturator nerve

pectineus

A flat, quadrangular muscle located in the anterior part of the medial thigh

actions: adducts, medially rotates & flexes the hip

insertion: pectineal line of the femur.

innervation: femoral nerve & obturator nerve

adductor magnus

A large muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh 

actions: adductor part: adducts, medially rotates, & flexes hip, hamstring part: extends & laterally rotates hip

insertion: linea aspera & adductor tubercle 

innervation: adductor part: obturator nerve, hamstring part: tibial division of sciatic nerve

sciatic nerve

A major nerve in the lower limb that runs from the lower back down the leg, composed of fibers from the lumbar and sacral plexuses.

innervates: nothing

common fibular nerve

The lateral split of the sciatic nerve, divides into the superficial and deep fibular nerves.

innervates: short head of the biceps femoris

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

terminal branch of the common fibular nerve. It descends in the anterior compartment of the leg with the anterior tibial artery

innervates: extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis (peroneus) tertius, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

terminal branch of the common fibuilar nerve, descends in the lateral compartment of the leg with the tibial artery

innervates: fibularis (peroneus) longus & fibularis (peroneus) brevis

tibial nerve

The medial split of the sciatic nerve. It descends through the popliteal fossa and then in the posterior compartment of the leg,

innervates: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, hamstring part of adductor magnus, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, popliteus