AP Biology Unit 1

Ionic Bond

attraction between oppositely charged ions in a compound or molecule

Covalent Bond

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Polarity

distribution of electrical charge within a molecule

Nonpolar

No partial charge on any parts of a molecule meaning that the electrons are being equally shared

Hydrogen Bond

weak interaction between a partial positive hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Specific Heat Capacity

the energy needed to break hydrogen bonds between molecules changing the overall structure

Solvent

substance that dissolves the solute

Solute

substance that is being dissolved

Solution

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Heat of Vaporization

the energy needed to break the hydrogen bonds to form a gas

Evaporative Cooling

occurs as water evaporates from a surface and carries heat with it

Capillary Action

result of both cohesion and adhesion

Hydrophilic

will interact with water

Hydrophobic

will not interact with water

Cohesion

the interaction between water molecules

Adhesion

the interaction of water with other polar or charged substances

Surface Tension

surface resists disruption when under stress or pressure

Acid

contributes protons and is low on the pH Scale

Base

contributes electrons and is high on the pH scale

Buffer

solutions made of an acid and base pair, minimizing the effects of increasing protons or electrons (pH stays relatively constant)

Electronegative

measures an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond

pH Scale

measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions or protons

Organic Compound

consists of carbon atoms covalently bonded together

Macromolecule

large organic molecules that form by polymerization

Biomolecule

polymer of organic compounds

Hydrocarbon

organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms

ATP

energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things

Hydroxyl Group

consists of one oxygen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom (polar)

Hydrogen Ion

proton

Monomer

identical building block subunits of a polymer

Polymer

multiple monomers bonded together by hydrogen bonds

Polymerization

form biomolecules by bonding together monomers to create polymers

Enzyme

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

Dehydration Synthesis

enzymatic reaction that makes biomolecules by removing H20 to form a new bond

Hydrolysis

enzymatic reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers

Carbohydrate

compounds found in living things, made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Monosaccharide

the monomer of carbohydrates

Polysaccharide

polymer of monosaccharides forming branched structure for energy storage or linear structure for structural support

Glycogen

polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals

Cellulose

linear structure polysaccharide used for structure like fiber or plant cell wall

Lipid

the combination of a glyceral and a fatty acid

Fat

organic compounds made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen used for energy storage

Glycerol

backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids in lipids

Fatty Acid

long hydrocarbon chains that are key components of lipids

Cholesterol

steroid used in part of the cell membrane

Steroid

rigid, ringed lipid

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

double bond lipid with more fluid packing meaning liquid at room temperature (ex. oil)

Saturated Fatty Acid

no double bond, more rigid packing meaning solid at room temperature (ex. butter)

Triglyceride

used for long-term energy storage or to insulate (ex. blubber)

Phospholipid

compose most of the cell membrane (polar, hydrophilic head + nonpolar, hydrophobic tails)

Amphipathic

phospholipid properties (hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tails)

Protein

complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds

Amino Acid

monomer of protein

Dipeptide

two amino acids bonded together by a peptide bond

Amino Group

consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Polypeptide

many amino acids bonded together (polymer)

Peptide Bond

bond between carboxyl group and an amino group of another

Primary Structure

the sequencing of amino acids

Secondary Structure

the formation of the backbone hydrogen bonding, creating alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary Structure

determinde dby R-group (folding of the polypeptide chain)

Quaternary Structure

multiple protein subunits assembled to work together

Beta-Pleated Sheet

form as chains form parallel layers (backbone H & O hydrogen bonding)

Disulfide Bridges

covalent bonds between cysteins

R-Group (Side Chain)

variable side chain that represents the connecting of repeating monomers

Alpha Helix

spiral shapes form as backbone H & O are bonded together via hydrogen bond

Hydrophobic Interaction

associations between nonpolar R-groups

Denaturation

modification of protein or nucleic acid structure via the breakage of weak, noncovalent bonds within the molecule

Nucleic Acid

polymer formed by the bonding between nucleotides

Nucleotide

monomer of Nucleic Acids

Phosphate

essential inorganic compound composed of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Pentose Sugar

essential components of nucleotides consisting of five carbon atoms

Ribose

the pentose sugar of RNA

Deoxyribose

the pentose sugar of DNA

Purine

double ringed nitrogenous bases Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidine

single ringed nitrogenous bases C, U, and T

Adenine

double ringed nitrogenous base

Thymine

single ringed nitrogenous base

Cytosine

single ringed nitrogenous base

Uracil

single ringed nitrogenous base only found in RNA sequencing

Antiparallel

two strands running in opposite directions

Double Helix

the double stranding found in DNA