apush u5 (estoy cooked)

Wilmot proviso

1846 proposal to ban slavery in territory acquired from US MX war by David Wilmot

free soil movement

movement formed against expansion of slavery, forming Free Soil Party. they said slavery was a threat to republicanism which many white farmers supported

resulted from new expansion westward

it was not necessarily abolition but more abt threat to republicanism, which Douglass thought was a good tactic

california gold/ racial warfare

foreign miner’s tax tried to shut out minority groups, gold discovery in the west resulted in immigration, but not many found anything

to get rid of native peoples, white people killed them and assaulted them for their land, mexican and californio groups were much more difficult to “eliminate”

election of 1848

zachary taylor wins, war hero type of guy, was replaced by richard fillmore after he died suddenly

would be followed by pierce

and then buchanan

1850: crisis and comp.

taylor urged congress to let california in as a free state, popular sovereignty was introduced so people were really debating what should happen

comp. of 1850 passed:

1. stronger fugitive slave act

2. cali is free state

3. slave trade abolished in DC

4. conquered mexican lands become nm and utah

squatter sovereignty

later evolved into popular sovereignty, the idea that ultimate power lies in the hand of electorate (power in hands of voters)

creator: stephen douglas

abolition grows

fugitive slave act controversial, uncle tom’s cabin

pierce and expansion

whigs floundered, democrats got Franklin Pierce elected in 1852, pro-expansion

treaty of kanagawa said american ships could refuel at two japanese ports

supported filibustering (private military campaigns)

threatened war with cuba (ostend manifesto was his attempt to get it by forceso it could be a slave state)

overthrowing nicaragua’s gov.

know-nothing party

a group that was averse to immigrants and catholics forming as a result of irish and german immigrants. many were pro free soil and antislavery but were still nativists

kansas-nebraska beef

douglas (one s) wanted transcontinental railroad so he created nebraska

The Kansas Nebraska Act divided Indian territory into Kansas and Nebraska which repealed the Missouri Compromise and then left the new territories to decide the issue of slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. Far from clarifying the status of slavery in the territories the act led to violent conflict in “bleeding Kansas” where pro and anti slavery forces fought each other

rise of the republican party

came out of former democrats, whigs, and free soilers. lincoln was a prime example

brookes vs sumner

preston brooks, a southerner, beat sumner with a cane in Senate and many southerns applauded him

dred scott/constitutional issues

Then 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The court ruled against slave dred Scott who claims that his master and his travels into free states and territories made him and his family free the decision also denied the federal government the right to exclude slavery from the territories and declared that African Americans were not citizens

buchanan wanted kansas as a slave state but everyone knew it wouldnt work out and he totally failed to unit the democratic party

lincoln’s political career

• Lincoln came from humble roots but rose the ranks as a lawyer in Illinois

• Lincoln was a big fan of Henry Clay, shifted from Whig party to Republican party

• His values were kind of like: slavery shouldn’t be allowed in the new territories, slavery needs to be cut out if republican ideals of the nation should endure (so not totally an abolitionist)

• Lincon ran for U.S. Senate seat in 1858 that was held by pro-slavery Stephen Douglas, and had a reputation for being a formidable speaker, but he did lose BARELY THOUGH (lincoln-douglas debates)

the union under siege (john brown + republian party)

• Republican party won control of House in 1858, which divided southern Democrats: some wanted to have better legal enforcement of pro-slavery stuff, and some wanted to just secede the Union

• John Brown, abolitionist, led a raid with both white and black men to Harpers Virginia, aiming to use the weapons held there for abolitionist protests. Although it failed, Brown generated mass outrage from Southerners who HATED anti-slavery initiatives and became a martyr, especially after sumner was caned

election of 1860

• Democratic party split in half between North and South due to all of the disagreements over slavery

• Republicans were able to obtain a victory by nominating Lincoln, who was moderate on slavery and appealed to the common people. The party advocated for free soil and opposed both slavery and racial equality

• His victory scared many southerners

sucession winter of 1860

• Union began to collapse after Lincoln was elected, first in South Carolina, and the Southern states became the Confederate States of America (11 states)

• President Buchanan declared secession illegal but also said that the federal gov. lacked authority to restore union by force, pretty timid on stance

• Crittenden proposed for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it already exists and to extend Missouri line to California, Lincoln said no, thought it too imperialist

• Lincoln was not willing to compromise and said he would use military force if necessary, and people came to his call with lots of enthusiasm

• jefferson davis was provisional president

beginning of the war, habeas corpus, strengths and weaknesses on each side

• South had advantage of sales of King Cotton (cotton being so important to French and British that they would supply South, an independent nation, with loans and arms)

• North had to get rebellious states back by blocking vessels

• Lincoln attempted to quickly take back Richmond and Washington, but was unsuccessful, showed South’s strength

• Virginia split off and Unionists formed West Virginia

• Lincoln suspended habeas corpus (having government officials justify arresting someone) to avoid anti-Union activities

• General US Grant and Confederate forces fought at the Battle of Shiloh which marked the reality of the war, being that it was the most deaths so far

• Union struggled to maintain control of Missouri but was able to capture New Orleans and take control of many slaves

key players in civil war

north: lincoln, george mcclelan, grant

south: robert e lee, jefferson davis, thomas j stonewall jackson, nathan bedford forest (later the KKK founder)

battle at antietam

• Lincoln said battle at Antietam (which was pretty savage) was a Union victory, however, he criticized McClellan for not pursuing Lee to seek a full Confederate surrender

• Second Confiscation Act was passed and said all slaves who reached the Union became free

• Lincoln was pretty neutral around slavery but faced pressure around it from Radicals and eventually said that slavery would be abolished in all states that remained out of the Union, known as Emancipation Proclamation

radical republicans

most anti-slavery republicans

lincoln emnaicpation proc.

• Second Confiscation Act was passed and said all slaves who reached the Union became free

• Lincoln was pretty neutral around slavery but faced pressure around it from Radicals and eventually said that slavery would be abolished in all states that remained out of the Union, signaling an end in sight for slavery, known as Emancipation Proclamation

• so basically lincoln’s opinion changed a lot because of pressure from others around him and reassured white americans his main goal was to save the Union and that abolition was the best way to do so

north economics (finance system) vs south

• Because the Union was stronger economically, it organized a new economic program that enforced domestic industries, offering free land to farmers

• Also created finance system—levies, bonds, and paper money (greenbacks) paid for increased gov. spending

• In the south, the Confederacy initially refused to force federal economic demands (states’ rights policies)

• confederacy cared a lot more about the war though so they lasted quite a while

• Tried to use paper money to pay off war costs, causing inflation, one-tenth tax said farmers needed to give a tenth of their crops to military, caused many riots so civilian life became difficult

freed african americans in the war

african americnas had volunteered for a while, both freed and fugitive. although military service did not end discrimination, african americans played a critical part in winning the war

women in the war effort

• U.S. sanitary commission founded to provide union troops with clothing, food, and medical services, women and men both partook in these kind of efforts, in south as well, but disease was still pretty bad

• Women formed woman’s loyal national league in the union to support the war, hoping they would earn suffrage as a result; women worked in factories, fought in the war in secret, and worked as nurses and in schools, etc.

vicksburg, gettysburg

The Battle of Vicksburg (May 18 - July 4, 1863) was a significant Union victory during the American Civil War, giving the Union control over the Mississippi River. The Union, led by General Ulysses S. Grant, laid siege to the fortified city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, forcing the Confederate forces to surrender. The victory split the Confederacy in half, isolating Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the Southern states.

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) was the turning point of the Civil War, where Union forces, under General George Meade, secured a crucial victory against the Confederate Army led by General Robert E. Lee. The battle resulted in heavy losses for Lee’s army and ended his invasion of the North, strengthening the Union's strategic position in the war.

both were the turning point of the war

gettysburg address

abraham lincoln’s 1863 speech declaring all men are created equal and to stop the wae to create the new united states

after the war, lincoln said slavery was the central cause of the war

grant/sherman take command

• For Lincoln to win reelection in 1864, he would need to show the North he could win the war. By appointing Grant (who was very brutal and fierce) in charge of all Union armies, the Union continued to fight back

• General William Tecumseh Sherman was one Union General who practiced hard war (seeing civilians as combatants) and shared the same fierceness of Grant

• battles fought in virginia and tennessee showed union power against Lee

election of 1864

• Lincoln was nominated again for Republican party with his running mate to be Andrew Johnson, a slave owner and Unionist Democrat, Lincoln won

• Democratic party chose George McClellan who promised to recommend an immediate armistice to the war, even though he was a War Democrat (in comparison to Peace Democrat)

ending the war

lee finally surrendered to grant at the Appomattox court house in 1865, four years after the war started

lincoln vs johnson reconstruction

so lincoln died.

• Lincoln attempted to pass Ten Percent Plan (allowing states to return to Union when 10% of voters took loyalty oath) but Congress wanted the Wade-Davis Bill (oath of allegiance from most white men, harsher)

• When Andrew Johnson took over he failed to suppress southern attitudes during his idea of Reconstruction, as the south enforced Black Codes (laws basically bringing back slavery, by denying ex-slaves civil rights enjoyed by white peopel and punishing them randomly). he did not have morals tbh, not really a reconstruction kinda guy

• however, johnson would be impeached because he never agreed with congress

congress reconstruction (civil rights act of 1866, 13-15 amendments)

• Congress established Freedmen’s Bureau to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees, and provided medical assistance, education, etc.

• the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which made former slaves citizens

• Fourteenth amendment also passed to say all people born in the US were citizens

• Reconstruction Act of 1867—act that divided south into five military districts, and to reenter the Union former Confederate states had to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to leading ex-confederates

• fifteenth amendment (all races have right to vote)

• 13th amendment abolished slavery

grant’s presidency

grant elected in 1868, after being one of the union’s greatest war heros

women’s rights denied

• Women thought that they would get the right to vote when black men did, they were wrong, many people (including Douglass) argued that black suffrage mattered more at the moment and that women suffrage was a side issue

• American Woman Suffrage Association (remained loyal to Republican party in hopes they would finally get their turn) and National Woman Suffrage Association formed (exclusively women’s rights and did not ally with Republican party) formed

• Minor v happersett—women could be denied the right to vote

• Women’s rights advocates geared toward sexual respectability especially after Beecher-Tilton scandal (Victoria Woodhull accusing a man of adultery, caused sensational news)

• Utah and Wyoming Territory began to pass suffrage rights for women but not states really

the quest for land…sharecropping

• Most policy makers argued that freed people should work on plantations for a wage instead of having their own land, which angered many freedmen who wanted independence

• Many freed people advocated for protection of African American females, but many African American households accepted domesticity ideals

• Shift from gang labor to sharecropping—freedmen worked as renters, exchanging labor for use of land and house

• Crop-lien laws—enforcing lenders’ ownership rights to a crop share, making sharecroppers fall into debt/poverty

• sharecropping kept people in poverty, but it was a chance (a really unleveled one) for money

republican gov. in the south

• Union league and freedmen’s bureau among others were organizations between black and white people helping advocate for equality and education

• African Americans began controlling governmental positions!!

• Republicans also just helped improve society in the south in general, especially in education for both white and black

• Convict leasing—southern state officials allowing private companies to hire out prisoners to labor in industries, started during Reconstruction (very much a con of reconstruction)

• education, transportation, family dynamics changing

civil rights act of 1875

law that required full and equal access to jury service and transportation regardless of race

grant’s financial scandal

• Worldwide depression starting in 1873; Grant rejected pleas to increase the money supply and provide relief, many people went on strike and were homeless

• South was hit hard because Reconstructionist groups thought they could find enough money to provide new infrastructure and they did not

• Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company which had supported many freed slaves collapsed too

• Credit Mobilier scandal (sham corporation set up by shareholders in the union pacific railroad to secure gov. grants for profit, protected it from investigation by providing financial gifts to Congress)

rise of laissez faire

• As a result of republican downfall, a revolt emerged with the people who believed in classic liberalism: free trade, small gov., low taxes, limiting voting rights, laissez faire (gov. stays out of economy).

• new party formed as liberal republican

ex-confeds redemption/kkk

• “Redemption” happened in the South as ex-Confederates tried to regain power and killed Republicans, particularly Black Republican political leaders

• Ku Klux Klan (undertook violence against African Americans in the South after the civil war) founded in 1865ish in response to William Brownlow, Tennessee’s Republican gov. who they hated, tried to uphold white supremacy and undercut infrastructure for African Americans. Basically the Democratic party (who began to dominate the south elections and take control of states once more)

• cut funding for black students/schools

reconstruction rolled back, slaughter house/civil rights cases

• In election of 1874, democrats won major control of the house and ex-confeds continued to seize power in the south

• Slaughter-house cases (court undercutting the fourteenth amendment’s protecting of African Americans) and Civil Rights Cases (struck down civil rights act of 1875) set tone for future segregation

the political crisis of 1877

• Republicans nominated moralist Hayes; Democrats chose Tilden. The election was very close because florida, louisiana, and SC had two sets of electoral votes, so close that the Congress created a commission to decide who should win. Hayes did

• Hayes said he would make big changes that the South would enjoy, reconstruction ended as he took troops out of the south

transcontinental railroad + trading with other countries

• Transcontinental railroad establishment made it possible to cross the united states in a week for the first time

• During the CW, Congress launched transcontinental rail project, new national bank, and raised protective tariffs under Republican rule

• After the civil war US had leverage over GB who allowed Confederate raiding ships to be built there and thus paid the US lots of money

• People were hungry for trade with asia and latin America and hoped to use it to gain conquest, like William Seward (secretary of state) who got the Burlingame Treaty (guaranteed the rights of US missionaries in China and set official terms for emigration of Chinese laborers to work in US) and also purchase of Alaska

gold standard

• Railroads built through private approach in the US, but public subsidizing helped create the railroads and let government support create lots of private wealth

• Protective tariffs helped build other American industries and were main source of economy at the time, but denied workers access to low-cost goods and kept some in poverty

• In Munn v Illinois (1877) Supreme Court decided states could regulate key businesses that were in the public’s interest but also said that corporations could be shielded from regulation

• After US took control of New Mexico and Arizona most of the land was filled with native peoples who white people displaced for land and control

• United states converted to gold standard (using gold as primary currency) to encourage trade/investment with European countries who also used the gold standard, but it hurt Americans because silver was taken out of the equation so quickly

homestead act of 1862

• Republicans also wanted farms like in the Homestead Act of 1862 which granted 160 acres of land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property; land-grant colleges (public universities founded to give science and tech expertise) and geological surveys became ways to look at the Great Plains

• Gold and silver booms like nevada’s Comstock lode (silver mining boom) were common but towns became ghost towns after gold discovered

• General mining act of 1872—those who discovered minerals on federally owned land can keep proceeds, but was expensive and required money from powerful investors who reaped most of the benefits

• Western mining created timber and produce demand

great plains migration

• Buffalo numbers decimated, united states said that Native tribes were unimportant and could only stay in the great plains if there was enough bison, ranchers began selling longhorns, particularly Texans, which made cattle ranching part of national economy

• People migrated to great plains because advertisers told them there was good soil there (exodusters)

• Some women filed homestead claims to strike out on their own, Utah women (who were mostly Mormon) obtained more suffrage rights and leadership once Utah officially became a state

• Grasshoppers, blizzards, tornados, etc. killed crops and it became obvious dry farming would work better, huge miscalculation for United States over time

• John Powell predicted that big land grants would not work and urged congress to use irrigation systems/governmental control out west

• Yellowstone National Park—first national park established as a result of railroad tourism

grant’s peace policy

• Grant introduced a peace policy based on Christian recommendation. Many westerners HATED native Americans and wanted them extinct but many also thought they were unequal to whites and just needed to be taught white ways and assimilate

• Off-reservation schools created for assimilation, English only was the rule, Native families bullied into sending their children to them

• Most Natives surrendered resistance, but the Lakota Sioux refused to go onto reservations. Colonel Custer declared finding gold on black hills, SD, but Sioux refused to sell, and other tribes joined him to prepare for an attack. Battle of Big Horn—the Natives fighting back in protest, killed many white soldiers, last of its kind as they slowly gave up

assimilation into society by native peoples

• Many Natives encouraged their children to assimilate so they could be successful, but family bonds were so strong between Native peoples

• Ghost Dance movement combined Christianity and Native American religion in 1880s and 1890s, hoped through sacred dances, the Natives could resurrect the great bison herds and get rid of white people

• Wounded knee-1890 massacre of Sioux Indians in SD to suppress the Ghost Dance

• Buffalo Bill’s “wild west” show aimed to showcase Native American life but exaggerated the truth and harmed Natives