Soci 1101 Unit 3 Test

What does “public” mean ?

It means funded by the government

What happened to the amount of public funding of UGA over the years?

Over the years UGA started to get less funding from the government and started increasing in private funding.

1987: 53.1% Public funding

2003: 34.7% Public funding

Today: 20% Public funding

Why has Public funding for “Public” higher education decreased?

Ideological Change

• Higher education is meant to be private not public

• Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher said public goods should be privatized to take the govt. out of peoples affairs

• Reagan realized those that get higher education make millions more than those who don’t, so they should pay not the govt.

Competing Social Priorities

• Things like healthcare, military, infrastructure, social security, and prisons are placing a demand on the money in a political state

What is privatization?

Taking things away from the govt. and tax dollars to individuals dollars

What is a way that public higher education can be funded?

Through lotteries

What is a lottery?

A ta or financial charge levied by the govt. to support what the govt. does

What are type of tax are most taxes?

Progressive

What are progressive taxes?

If ones salary increases so does the aomunt they are taxed

Who does the lottery benefit?

The poor because they need money

What 2 things does a lottery operate on?

Fantasy and illusion

(allows people to win to sustain the fantasy or illusion)

What is an regressive tax?

The less you make the more you need

What type of tax is a lottery?

Regressive Tax

Who are most lotteries bought by?

Poor african-americans

What are lotteries a symbol of?

Structural Racism

What are the advantages of public higher education?

• Access: Allows college for those who otherwise wouldn’t go

• Prevent “Brain Drain”: By offering HOPE and Zell you entice students to stay at GA universities

• Copying: Other states copy this

• Higher retention and graduation rates: students stay and most graduate

What are the disadvantages of public higher education?

• Regressive Tax

• Substitutes for need-based aid

• Limits tuition growth (limit what universities can do)

• Affects course taking

• Increased dropped courses: provides challenge in education

• Lengthier graduation rates

What are ways to manage revenue?

• Increase Tuition (approved by state legislature)

• Fees (No need to be approved)

• Hire cheaper labor (some cost more than others)

• Cut programs

• Pursue other funding

• Pressure faculty to bring in money (They take a cut from faculty grants)

• Alumni (wants you to contribute)

• Online courses

• Auxiliary services (housing, dining, parking, recreation, bookstores, etc.)

How do sociologists look at stratification?

They look at it as societal layers

What is open stratification?

There is vertical mobility

What is closed stratification?

Comparatively have less vertical mobility

What are 3 major systems of stratification?

1. Estate Systems

2. Cast Systems

3. Class Systems

Describe estate systems…

• Control of land

• Common in europe and asia

• 2 major estates

  • Nobility: Own land

  • Peasantry: Work on land; had minimal rights on land

• Ranks of estates

  • Nobility (Clergy)

  • Peasantry (Serfs)

  • Middle Class

  • Professions

• Can have more than 2 estates

• As society gets more complex more estates form

Describe caste systems…

• One is born into that group and is based on parents (can never leave that caste)

• Very closed system of mobility

• Common in India

• Caste system got weaker when India gained independence

• Also seen in South Africa

  • Afrikaners ruled the country

  • Caste system seen in places that are outside urban South Africa

• Some say there was a caste system after reconstruction, some places felt as though they did not go through reconstruction

• Jim Crow laws dominated the south

Describe class systems…

• Person is born into social level, but can in principle move up or down

• Can measure objectively by classifying people on criteria’s (education, occupation, and income)

• Can measure subjectively by asking people what class they think they are in

  • Problem is that people say they are higher than what they objectively are

What are the 4 classes of the american class system?

1. Upper class

2. Middle class

3. Working class

4. Poor

What 3 aspects does the american class system use in determining the class of someone?

1. Education

2. Occupation

3. Income

What are the statistics of the american class system?

1. Top 5% owns 75% of wealth in the country

2. Bottom 60% own less than 1% of wealth

Which 2 people argued that social stratification in functionalist?

Sociologists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore

What are the 7 points which argue that stratification is functionalist?

1. Certain positions in any society are more important than others

2. Only a limited number of individuals in any society have the talent for these positions

3. Training involves sacrifices by those undergoing the training

4. In order to involve people, there must be scarce rewards that society has to offer

5. A) sustenance and comfort B) leisure and diversion C) self-respect and respect from others

6. This constitutes social stratification

7. This is normal and necessary

Who argued that social stratification is dysfunctional?

Melvin Tumin

What are the 7 points that argue that stratification is dysfunctional?

1. Stratification limits full range of talent in society

2. This limits productive resources of a society

3. This provides elites with political power to dominate society

4. Stratification systems distribute favorable self-images unequally throughout a population

5. They therefore breed hostility, suspicion, and distrust among segments of society

6. To the extent that loyalty to a society depends on one’s position in it, stratification distributes loyalty to a society unequally

7. Consequently stratification systems motivate people to participate in society unequally

Who wrote “Invisible Inequality”?

Anette Laurean

What was the question Laurean asks in “Invisible Inequality”?

Are there social class issues in child rearing?

What does ethnographic mean?

Study about a group of people (families, middle and working class)

What method does Laurean use in “Invisible Inequality”?

Observation of children and parents

How does Laurean identify class in “Invisible Inequality”?

Identifies class by subjective (lived experience) and objective (education, occupation, and income) measure of class

What did Laurean look for in her studies in “Invisible Inequality”?

She looked at how middle and working class parents parented their children

What 2 concepts did Laurean discover in “Invisible Inequality”?

1. Concerted Cultivation

2. Accopmlishment of Natural Growth

What is collaborated cultivation and which class showed this concept?

Jointly or collaborating with children to parent them (Middle Class)

What is accomplishment of natural growth and which class showed this concept?

Growth will occur on its own

• Language directives or commands

• Social structures that are constraining

What is capital?

A resource that enables someone to profit

What are the 3 forms of capital?

1. Economic capital

2. Social capital

3. Cultural capital

What is economic capital?

Material assets: Land, Salary, and Wealth

What is social capital?

Wealth from social ties with others (Networking)

What is cultural capital?

Wealth cultivated from the mind/ with knowledge

What are the 4 forms of cultural capital?

1. Reading

2. Writing

3. Speaking

4. Thinking

What is the relationship with cultural capital and rewards?

The more cultural capital the more you will be able to exchange for rewards

What does empirical mean?

Based on data

What is longitudinal research?

Research done over a period of time

Who were Dorothy Holland and Margaret Eisenhart and what was their study about?

They were 2 anthropologists; Their study was on looking at why women barely go into math and science (STEMM) majors and careers

What research strategy did Holland and Eisenhart use?

They conducted interviews and shadowing/ observation of women from freshman year to post college (longitudinal research)

What is feminism about?

Equality of sexes and genders

What were the key findings from Holland and Eisenhart?

• Gender and gender relation dominate culture in all activities they partake in

• Sexuality is a prominent feature in college

• The cultural model of sexualized gender relations

What is the view on women’s friendship with other women from Holland and Eisenhart?

• Women use friendship to control and manage their emotions with men

• Sisterhood friendship is weak and subordinary

What is the view on women’s exchanges with men from Holland and Eisenhart?

• Not positive/ no equality

• Always needing to please

What is the cultural model of sexualized gender relations by Holland and Eisenhart?

• Driven by attractiveness (judging yourself and others)

• Sexual Auction: Constant Ranking

• Good treatment by attractive men will permit intimacy increased levels of intimacy from the woman that will set up her status

• Bad treatment by men and intercourse, will provide a low testament to those women and let themselves be treated poorly

• Women's status comes from attractiveness and ability to pull men

• Men are not as affected by such factors

What are the 4 questions used to critique the work of Holland and Eisenhart?

1. Does the model apply to all people?

2. Does this model apply to all types of schools?

3. How doe we explain women who succeed professionally and personally at the types if schools studied?

4. Does the model apply to same-sex relationships?

What are the strategic moves seen by Holland and Eisenhart in their study?

• Postponing: Delaying the demands of a relationship

• Enactment: Preventing someone from being strongly emotionally tied to who they are with

• Dropping-out: Not participating in sexual auction

What are the 3 major conclusions made by Holland and Eisenhart in their study?

1. The pure culture of women compete with the sexual auction

2. Women settled for occupations that need less cultural capital

3. Cultural reproduction argument: Gender inequality is cyclically reproduced and college had a hand in it

What are some key findings on sexual assault?

• College is hypersexualized

• College women are more prone to rape or sexual assault in general

• 1/5 -1/4 of woman are victims to sexual assault (unwanted touching)

• ¾ of sexual assault on campus deals with alcohol

• There is a link between alcohol, parties, and rape

• Women want attention at parties

• Men want sex

• Interactional production of fun and sexual assault

• Male control the Frat parties

What is reference group theory?

• How do all male groups make sexual assault legitimate and how do they perpetuate it all the time

• A reference group tells an individual to have these expectations, but when it isn’t met then there is predatory behavior

What is social patriarchy?

Male is dominant and female is subordinate

What is ideology?

Any system of ideas that legitimates the subordination of one group over the other

How are dominant ideologies passed onto generations?

Dominant ideologies are passed through generations by social institutions

What are examples of social institutions?

Education, work, politics, religion, military, and family

What are examples of ideologies?

Republican, conservative, liberal, and american

What are the elements of ideology and explain each?

Hatred: Against other groups

Imitation: To establish membership of a group

Persuasion: Conversion goal amongst propagandists of the group and of their ideologies

Coercion: In addition to propaganda there can be active of violent use to forcibly convert others

Leadership: The Leader often calls for sacrifices in the present to give way to a better future; They are needed to lead the ideology of a group (tend to have lieutenants that are close to them and support the ideology)

Action: Masses are kept busy by actions and demonstrations

Suspicion: Intense watching and also knowing that you are being watched

What is power?

The ability to exercise ones will over other

What are the resources of power and explain them?

Allocative: Materials to get people to confrim to will (Ex. Money or equipment)

Authoritative: The ability to move people in directions, ability to punish or discipline members (surveillance)

Who wrote “Becoming a Racist”?

Kathleen Blee

What are some background points in Kathleen Blee’s reading?

• Examines how women in racist groups (present day) reconcile male-oriented agendas on racism

• Racism is deeply but invisibly gendered

• From KKK to present day Neo-Nazi

• We think of racists as men, but women are there in the shadows

• The ignorance of women in these groups could lead to destruction

What are the existing explanations of Kathleen Blee’s reading and explain them?

Social Psychological

• People with low tolerance to ambiguity, need rigid or stereotypical rules found in authoritative ideologies

Social Politics

• These types of theories have argued that right-wing extremists safeguard statuses that are threatened

• Gap between expected and actual status for these people causes frustration, so they find groups that also feel that way

What are rational interests in Kathleen Blee’s reading?

Understood as rational when the agendas of the group is advantageous to those people

What are the data and method in Kathleen Blee’s reading?

• Interviews and Life histories

• She began by reading propaganda by self proclaimed white supremacy groups

• Beginning of interviews was life histories, the end was back ground characteristics

• Interviews lasted from 2-6 hours

• Interviews were semi-structured

• She spent her whole career (30-40 years) looking at women related to controlled racism

What are the narrative strategies of self-understanding Kathleen Blee’s reading?

1. Conversion: Dramatic personal transformation, typically event or series of events, gives clear separation between others

2. Selective Adoption: They selectively disregard aspects of the groups they belong too

3. Resignation: Mens political involvement typically have tone of excitement, where as women are typically hesitant (can be seen in recruiting).

What is ideological flexibility?

Not complete adherence of the ideologies of a group

Describe the defensive stance of women in these groups from Kathleen Blee’s reading?

They are activists to protect their children or themselves from a troubled society

What are the 5 lessons from Kathleen Blee’s reading?

1. Racist groups change people (teach people to have enemies, to be activists not just have an attitude)

2. Today’s racist groups are different from those of the past (built on major communication; media, technology, communication)

3. Society can prevent racist recruiting (type of group of access can shift people; mainstream beliefs and practices)

4. Society can bring activists out of racist groups (especially non-committed selective adopted people)

5. Racism is mainstream as well as a marginal (draws upon racist currents to recruit individuals; racism is tolerated in society)

What are the 5 aspects that threaten/ support ideologies and explain them in Kathleen Blee’s reading?

1. Individualism: Individual rights for some

2. Anti-egalitarianism: Not everyone is equal

3. Strong nationalism: Superiority to own country

4. Moralism: Rigid distinction between right and wrong

5. Traditionalism: Customary ways of living