Section 2 chapter 4 chem

But could electrons have a dual wave like particle mature aswell who made this statement ?

1924 the french scientest louis de brogli

Which he states the behaviour

Of electrons is very similar to that of an waves that was made in bhors expirements

which the scientests knew

That any wave confined in a space can have only certain frequinces

What did he sugest

He sugestesd thet the electron is a confined space around the atomic nucleus

Which can mean?

That electrons exist at certain frequencies

Briglies expirements were soon

Confirmed by expirements

Which investegators stated

That ekectrins like light waves can be bent ir difra ted

Diffraction means?

Its the bending of a wave as it passes through the edge of an object or through a small opening

Other investigations

Made that the electrons beams can interfere with each other

Interfrence?

Ocurs when waves overlap

Which resuakts in

Increase of energy in some areas and decrease of energy in some other areas

The wuantum theory

Assumes The proability of an electron at a specific place in the empty space surrounding the nucleus

Quantum numbers

Specifcy the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in the orbitals

This three dimensional region of empty space it can be described as?

An electron cloud surrounding the nucleus

Atomic orbitals are of?

Diffrent shapes and sizes

Quantum number

Specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals

The principle the quantum number

symbolized by n indicates the main energy level ocupied by electrons

Values of n

Are positeve only

As n increase

The electrons energy snd its average distance from the nucleus increases

More than one electron can o cant have the same amount of n?

Yes they can

The ones that have the same n are sometimes told to be

In the same shell

The amiunt of orbitals exist in a given shell are expressed in?

N²

Except at the? What exists?

First main energy level

Orbitals of different shapes known as sublevels exist for a given value of m

Angular momentom

The nunbers of ls allowed are?

Symbolized by l indicates the shape of the orbital

Zero and all positeve integers

How can we get the L?

N-1 the answer will consist of one number less than the energy level until last

Depending on the value of l the orbitals are assigned letters which are?

Spdf

0-3

There shapes?

S is spehirical p is like a dumbell and d and f are complex

We knew sub levels are spfd so how many spdf does energy level 1 have?

It has 1 two has 2 three has 3 four has 4

1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

Atomic numbers can have the same shale but?

Diffrent orientation around the nucleus

The magnetic quantum number. They are?

Symbolized by m indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus

-l . 0 +l

Beacuse the s has a m number of zero?

And its a supherical shape there in only way it can orientate around the nucleus

If the l is 2(d) ghow many irbitals are there?

5 orbitals

The 3d dimension indicates?

The location of the center of the nucleus

The 5 diffrent d shape orbitals there differece? Each one occupies?

4 have the same shape different orientation

1 has a diffrent shape

Each one ocupies a diffrent region of space

How do we get the number of orbitals per an energy level?

Number of electrons per s sub level?

Number of electrons per main energy level?

N²

Use there orbitals and times by two

2 6 10 14

2xn²

The electron has how many spin states? Which creates what?

Spin states

A single orbital can hold how many electrons? But they have to spin ? Why?

One of the two spin states

Magnetic field

Has only two posible values ½ -1/2 whcih indicates two fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital

2 electrons but they have to spin in opposite ways

To negkect the magnetic field