Phonological Processes- Speech Sound Disorders

Syllable Deletion

A syllable of a polysyllabic word is omitted

Examples:

- telephone --> /tɛlfon/

- potato --> /tedo/

Reduplication

Partial or total repetition of a syllable of a word

Examples:

- Total: baby --> /be be/

- Partial: bottle --> /ba da/

Diminutization Partial Reduplication

A special form of partial reduplication occurs when a final [i] is added to a word

Example:

- horse --> /hɔrsi/

Epenthesis

A sound (usually a vowel) is inserted between two consonants

Examples:

- spoon --> /səpun/

- blue --> /bəlu/

Final-Consonant Deletion

Describes the deletion of a singleton consonant in word final position

Examples:

- skate --> /ske/

- peek --> /pi/

- baboon --> /bæbu/

Initial-Consonant Deletion

The deletion of a singleton consonant in word-initial position, resulting in the syllable's beginning with a vowel

Examples:

- team --> /im/

- seat --> /it/

- below --> /ilo/

Cluster Deletion

Defined as the deletion of some or all of the consonants of a cluster

Examples:

- Partial: stake --> /teɪk/

- Total: stake --> /eɪk/

- Partial: boats --> /bot/

- Total: boats --> /bo/

Cluster Substitution

Occurs when one member of a cluster is replaced with another consonant

Examples:

- blue --> /bwu/

- break --> /bweɪk/

Stopping

The replacing of fricatives, affricates, liquids, or glides with a stop

Examples:

- soap --> /top/

- choke --> /tok/

- feet --> /pit/

Stridency Deletion

A sound change in which a strident consonant is either omitted or replaced with a nonstrident consonant

Examples:

- soap --> /θop/

- soap --> /op/

- soap --> /top/

Fronting

The replacement of a back-of-the-mouth sound with a front sound

Examples:

- coat --> /toʊt/

- show --> /to/ or /so/

- sing --> /sin/

Depalatalization

Occurs when a palatal sound is replaced with a nonpalatal sound

- Also defined as movement of the place of articulation from the palatal position to a position more forward in the mouth

Examples:

- shoot --> /sut/ or /tut/

- chew --> /su/ or /tu/

Palatalization

Describes the addition of a palatal component to a nonpalatal target phoneme

Examples:

- sew --> /ʃu/

- bees --> /biʒ/

Affrication

Involves the replacing of a fricative consonant with an affricate

Examples:

- soap --> /tʃop/ or /tsop/

- shoe --> /tʃu/

Deaffrication

Refers to the changing of an affricate to a stop or a fricative

Examples:

- choose --> /suz/ or /tuz/

- jeep --> /zip/ or /dip/

- chain --> /kem/

Backing

Describes a sound change in which front consonants are replaced with back consonants

Examples:

- shoe --> /ku/

- dough --> /go/

Alveolarization

The replacing of consonants made with the lips or teeth with consonants made on the alveolar ridge

Examples:

- food --> /sud/

- thin --> /sɪn/ or /tɪn/

Labialization

Describes sound changes involving labial sounds replacing interdental or alveolar obstruents

Examples:

- sun --> /fʌn/

- thin --> /fɪn/

Gliding

Describes the replacement of liquid consonants with glides

Examples:

- road --> /wod/ or /jod/

- low --> /wo/ or /jo/

Vowelization

When syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced with vowels

Examples:

- table --> /teɪbo/

- bigger --> /bɪgə/

- car --> /kə/

Labial Assimilation

A process in which a consonant in a word becomes a labial due to the influence of another labial consonant

Examples:

- table --> /bebo/

- rob --> /wɑb/

Alveolar Assimilation

Occurs when a sound in a word assimilates to an alveolar segment located elsewhere in the word

Examples:

- goat --> /dot/

- goat --> /tot/

- feet --> /tit/

Velar Assimilation

Occurs when a sound in a word becomes more velar sound located elsewhere in the word

Examples:

- dog --> /gɔg/

- cot --> /kɔg/

Nasal Assimilation

Occurs when a sound becomes more like a nasal consonant located nearby in the phonetic context

Examples:

- van --> /næn/

- window --> /mɪndo/

Prevocalic Voicing

Occurs when voiceless obstruents preceding vowels become voiced

Examples:

- pea --> /di/

- take --> /deɪk/

- cake --> /geɪk/

Postvocalic Devoicing

When a voiced obstruent in word-final position becomes voiceless

Examples:

- rag --> /ræk/

- made --> /met/

Metathesis

A process in which there is a reversal of the position of two sounds

Examples:

- ask --> /æks/

- boast --> /bots/

Coalescence

Features of two adjacent segments are collapsed to form one segment with features from both of the original segments

Examples:

- spoon --> /fun/

- train --> /fen/

Vowel backing

A vowel is replaced with a more posterior vowel

Example:

- bit --> /but/

Vowel lowering

A vowel is replaced with a vowel made with a lower tongue position

Example:

- beet --> /bɪt/

Vowel raising

A vowel is replaced with a vowel made with a higher tongue position

Example:

- bat --> /bet/

Centralization

A vowel is replaced by a vowel with a more central tongue position

Example:

- boat --> /bʌt/

Vowel unrounding

A normally rounded vowel is replaced with a nonrounded vowel

Example:

- boat --> /bɑt/

Diphthongization

A monophthong vowel is produced as a diphthong

Example:

- bet --> /bɛɪt/

Diphthong Reduction

A diphthong is produced as a monophthong

Example:

- Mike --> /mɑk/

Complete Vowel Harmony

One vowel is changed so that two vowels in a word are the same

Examples:

- coffee --> /kifi/

- office --> /ɔfɔs/