2: Fungi, lichens, algae, angiosperms

5 kingdoms of life

Plants, Animals, Bacteria, Protists, Archaea and Fungi

protist

a eukaryotic organisms that is not an animal, plant, or fungus (usually unicellular)

how many species of fungus are known, and how many might actually exist?

70,000 known

over 1,000,000 might exist

fungi nutrition

heterotrophic

fungi reproductive structures

spores

roles played by fungi

decomposers, mutualists, parasites

fungi as decomposers

fungi are efficient decomposers of organic material including cellulose and lignin - carbon sequestrian in organic matter of soil

fungi as mutualists

form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals using mycorriza and lichens

__% of plant species are mycorrhizal

80

mycorhizzae

mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant's roots in which the fungus provides minerals for the plant and the plant provides food for the fungus

fungi evolved in

water c. 1.5 bya

oldest terrestrial fossil fungi

460 mya

examples of fungi as parasites

zombie ant

ringworm

honey fungus

fungal reproduction and life cycle

haploid or diploid

armillaria

a pathogenic fugnus affecting conifers; possibly the world's larges single organism; reproduce by forming spores; most have a body composed of hyphae

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasms (of two parent mycelia)

karyogamy

fusion of 2 haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus

endosymbiosis

one organism living inside of another organism

primary endosymbiosis

The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.

endosymbiosis gave rise to

chloroplasts and mitochondria

there were originally __ membranes, but __ was lost in red and green algal descendents

3, 1

red algae live mostly

aquatic, multicellular

green algae live

terrestrial

diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

brown algae and diatoms evolved from

red algae

_____ the oxygen on earth is generated by algae through _____

half, photosynthesis

algae as an energy source

oil shales (alaskan deposits yield 150 gallons oil)

algal biofuel plants

____ species of lichens described

17.000

lichen

unicellular or filamentous green algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments (hyphae) of a fungus

3 examples of algal lichens

trebouxia, trentepolia, nostoc

biston betularia shows

peppered moth shows industrial melanism

how do lichens reproduce

asexually or sexually

asexual lichen reproduction

fragmentation or soredia

sexual lichen reproduction

fungi via ascospores

order of plantae kingdom development

algae , bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

soredia

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

soralium vs apothecium

soralium = soredia

apothecium = ascospores

how do bryophytes transport water

diffusion and osmosis - no vascular system

vascular bundle

plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue

pteridophytes aka

ferns

seed

embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer coating

gymno sperm

naked seed

angio sperm

receptacle seed

angiosperms make up __% of all plants, with over _____ species

80,

300,000