Guyton & Hall Physiology: Review Chapters 1 and 2

Flashcards covering the functional organization of the human body, cell structure, organelle functions, homeostasis, and control mechanisms from Chapters 1 and 2 of Guyton & Hall Physiology.

What is the definition of human physiology according to the transcript?

The science that attempts to explain the specific physical and chemical mechanisms and characteristics of the human body that make it a living being.

Approximately how many human cells make up the entire body?

$\text{35 to 40 trillion}$ human cells.

What is the approximate number of red blood cells in the human body?

$\text{25 trillion}$ cells.

What term did Claude Bernard use to describe the extracellular fluid, as the internal environment of the body?

$\text{Milieu intérieur}$.

Who coined the term homeostasis in 1929?

$\text{Walter Cannon}$.

What percentage of the adult human body is typically composed of fluid?

$\text{50\%}$ to $\text{70\%}$.

What are the primary ions found in the extracellular fluid?

$\text{Sodium (Na}^+), \text{chloride (Cl}^-), \text{and bicarbonate (HCO}_3^-)$ ions.

What are the primary ions found in the intracellular fluid?

$\text{Potassium (K}^+), \text{magnesium (Mg}^{2+}), \text{and phosphate (PO}_4^{3-})$ ions.

How close are most cells to a blood capillary to ensure effective diffusion?

Less than $\text{50 micrometers}$.

What is the thickness of the alveolar membrane in the lungs?

$\text{0.4}$ to $\text{2.0 micrometers}$.

Which organ is responsible for extracting urea, uric acid, and creatinine from the blood?

The $\text{kidneys}$.

What is the normal blood hydrogen ion concentration variation limit mentioned?

Less than $\text{5 nanomoles/L (0.000000005 moles/L)}$.

How is the gain of a negative feedback control system calculated?

$$\text{Gain} = \frac{\text{Correction}}{\text{Error}}$$

What is the gain of the baroreceptor system for arterial pressure control compared to the temperature control system?

Baroreceptor system is $-2$, while the temperature control system is approximately $-33$.

In what three scenarios does the body use positive feedback to its advantage?

(1) $\text{Blood clotting}$, (2) $\text{Childbirth (uterine contractions)}$, and (3) $\text{Generation of nerve signals}$.

What are the five basic substances that compose protoplasm?

$\text{Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates}$.

What is the typical thickness of the cell membrane?

$\text{7.5 to 10 nanometers}$.

What are the major chemical components of the cell membrane by percentage?

$\text{55\% proteins, 25\% phospholipids, 13\% cholesterol, 4\% other lipids, and 3\% carbohydrates}$.

What is the glycocalyx?

A loose carbohydrate coat on the outer surface of the cell formed by $\text{glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans}$.

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing new protein molecules and contains a mixture of RNA and proteins?

$\text{Ribosomes (found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum)}$.

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

To process, compact, and package substances from the endoplasmic reticulum into $\text{secretory vesicles or lysosomes}$.

What is the approximate diameter of a lysosome and what type of enzymes does it contain?

$\text{250 to 750 nanometers}$; it contains $\text{acid hydrolases (digestive enzymes)}$.

How do peroxisomes differ from lysosomes in their chemical contents?

Peroxisomes contain $\text{oxidases}$ (which form $$\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$) rather than hydrolases.

What percentage of the cell's energy is released from the mitochondria?

More than $\text{95\%}$.

How much energy is contained in each high-energy phosphate bond of ATP?

Approximately $\text{12,000 calories}$ per mole of ATP.

What is the process of opsonization in phagocytosis?

The attachment of a specific antibody to a bacterium to facilitate its attachment to phagocyte receptors.

What structural complex of microtubules drives ciliary movement?

The $\text{axoneme}$, which consists of $\text{nine double tubules}$ around the periphery and $\text{two single tubules}$ in the center.