unit 1 ap euro

Humanism

A philosophical stance emphasizing the value and agency of human beings, focusing on human needs and concerns.

Rationalism

Advocates for reason and scientific inquiry over superstition and dogma.

Ethics

Promotes moral values based on human welfare and happiness rather than divine command.

commercial revolution

great increase in commerce in Europe

-(causes)new ocean & trade routes

-growth of pop

-new nation centered economic system

-(features) new merchants & bankers

-new domestic or putting out system

-new joint stock companies

Modern Humanism

Often associated with secular humanism, which rejects religious beliefs in favor of a human experience-based worldview.

Secularism

The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions.

Religious Neutrality

Advocates for a society where government and institutions do not favor or discriminate against any religion.

commerical revolution consequences

conflict and rivalries bc competition for trade (Spain, dutch, Portuguese, england)

rise of western Europe nation states, decline of Baltic states

rise of capitalism and Middle class

new monarchies, characteristics

-centralized administrative bureaucracy (decision-making at the top of the gov) tax collection, rely on educated + middle class

-professional armies

-dispense justice

-right to determine religon of subjects

encomeinda system

system in Spanish America that settlers give the right to demand labor in exchange for them protecting and teaching them skills

-brutal system and enslaves native for labor

Individualism

A social and political philosophy emphasizing the moral worth of the individual and the importance of personal autonomy.

machiavelli

the prince, guide for rulers on how to act

cynical view of human nature

ruler = ruthless, pragmatic, and end justifies means

strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox

european exploration means

advances in:

-navigation: compass, lateen sail, caravel, astrolabe

-new knowledge: cartography, math, astronomy

miliitary: gun powder, cannons, guns

henry VII

cut ties w/ Catholic church

ending war of roses

started Tudor dynasty

isabella and Ferdinand in Spain

no nobility In court

expel Jewish and muslims

made forces loyal to the crown

separated law and tax systems

completed reconquista

enforces religious conformity

Interconnections

Humanism and secularism promote a worldview based on human experience rather than religious beliefs.

Renaissance Art

Characterized by a focus on human experience, realism, and classical influence.

Notable Artists

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, known for their contributions to realism and humanistic themes.

Key Humanists

Petrarch, Erasmus, Machiavelli, and Thomas More, who significantly influenced literature and philosophy during the Renaissance.

Jesuits

Founded in 1534, aimed to spread Catholicism and counter the Protestant Reformation through education and evangelization.