Apologia Chemistry Modules 1- 4

Terms and Concepts

Chemistry

the study of matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up shape

accuracy

how correct it is

precision

how small the scale is

Why do we study science?

to worship God

Equation for converting Farenheit to celsius

C = (F - 32) × 5/9

Equation for Celsisus to Kelvin

C = K - 273.15

Element

Any element that cannot be broken down into simpler components

Compound

substances that can be decomposed into elements by chemical means

Pure Substance

a substance that contains only one element or compound

mixture

a substance that contains different compounds and/or elements

homogenous mixture

a mixture with the same composition throughout

heterogenous mixture

a mixture with varied components throughout

The law of mass conservation

Matter cannot be created or destroyed only change forms

Law of Definite Proportions

the proportion of elements in any compound is always the same

Law of Multiple Proportions

If 2 elements combine to form different compounds, the ratio of masses of the second element that react with a fixed mass of the first element will be a simple whole-number ratio

Isotopes

a variation of an element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons

Mass Number

number listing the mass of an element, counts both protons and neutrons

Wavelength

The distance from one trough to another, or one crest to another

Amplitude

How far the crest is from the center of the wave

Frequency

how many times a wave passes a point in a second

frequency equation

f = wavelength / c

Energy equation

E = h x f

Quantum Mechanical Model

Electrons cannot be between levels and orbitals take the shape of either a s,p,d,or f orbital

S orbital shape

circle

p orbital shape

figure 8

Valence Electrons

the electrons in the outermost orbital

octet rule

an orbital needs at least 8 electrons to be content

Ion

an atom with a positive or negative charge

cation

ion with a positive charge

anion

ion with a negative charge

Ionization

the process by which and element loses electrons

electronegativity

how strongly an atom attracts an ion

covalent bond

bond formed between two nonmetals

atomic radius

radius size for an atom