HFS methodologies and theories Quiz 1

What does the Psychoanalytic Theory emphasize?

It emphasizes that early conflicts shape later personality.

Who developed the Eight Stages of Man theory?

Erik Erikson

What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

What is the pleasure principle associated with?

The ID

What is the reality principle associated with?

The EGO

What is the moral standard associated with?

The SUPEREGO

What are the five psychosexual stages of development?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

What is a major criticism of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

It is difficult to test and relies on concepts that are hard to observe.

What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory state about development?

Development continues across the life course, with each period presenting a social challenge.

What virtue is developed during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

Hope

What is the psychosocial conflict during adolescence according to Erikson?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

What is a major contribution of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

It emphasizes life-span development and the importance of social context.

What is the primary focus of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?

Children actively construct ways of thinking through experiences.

What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

What is assimilation in Piaget's theory?

Using an existing schema to interpret a new experience.

What is accommodation in Piaget's theory?

Revising a schema when the experience does not fit.

What is the core reasoning of Kohlberg's Preconventional level?

Moral reasoning is based on direct consequences to the self.

What is a common limitation of the Preoperational stage in Piaget's theory?

Centration and egocentrism.

What is the major achievement of the Concrete Operational stage?

Logical operations on tangible information.

What does the Formal Operational stage allow for?

Hypothetical and abstract reasoning.

What is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

It may reflect Western cultural values and not apply universally.

What is the guiding question for the stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion?

Who am I?

What is the virtue developed during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

Love

What is the psychosocial conflict during the later adult stage?

Integrity vs. Despair

What does the term 'Equilibration' refer to in Piaget's theory?

Coordinating assimilation and accommodation to restore understanding.

What is a major criticism of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

The fixed order and timing of stages may not describe all lives.

What is the significance of early experiences according to Psychoanalytic Theory?

They can leave lasting patterns that influence later behavior.

What are the stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?

1. Obedience & punishment, 2. Instrumental exchange, 3. Interpersonal concordance, 4. Law-and-order orientation, 5. Social contract, 6. Universal ethical principles.

What is the core reasoning behind Stage 1 of Kohlberg's moral development?

Avoid punishment; authority defines what is right.

What guiding question is associated with Stage 2 of Kohlberg's moral development?

Will others approve?

What is the focus of Stage 3 in Kohlberg's moral development?

Seek approval; be a 'good' person in close relationships.

What does Stage 4 of Kohlberg's moral development emphasize?

Maintain rules, duties, and the social system.

What is the main principle evaluated in Stage 5 of Kohlberg's moral development?

Evaluate laws through rights, welfare, and agreed principles.

What is the significance of the Heinz Dilemma in moral development?

It illustrates the complexities of moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.

Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?

Albert Bandura.

What are the four processes of observational learning according to Bandura?

1. Attention, 2. Retention, 3. Reproduction, 4. Motivation.

What does the term 'self-efficacy' refer to in Bandura's theory?

Believing 'I can do this' supports effort, persistence, and recovery after failure.

What is reciprocal determinism?

The concept that behavior, personal factors, and environment continually influence one another.

What is the main idea of Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

Learning is social before it becomes individual, occurring through participation with others.

What are the three stages of development in Vygotsky's theory?

1. Intermental, 2. Internalization, 3. Intramental.

What role does culture play in Vygotsky's theory?

Culture provides language, symbolic tools, activities, routines, and social partners that shape learning.

What is the purpose of the Strange Situation in attachment theory?

To assess attachment relationships and behaviors in children.

What are the four attachment styles identified by Bowlby and Ainsworth?

1. Secure, 2. Avoidant, 3. Resistant, 4. Disorganized.

What does a secure attachment style indicate?

The child seeks comfort and can resume exploration.

What is meant by 'culturally regulated customs of childcare'?

Routine practices viewed as normal or appropriate within a community.

What are the three subsystems in the Developmental Niche framework?

1. Physical & social settings, 2. Customs of childcare, 3. Psychology of caretakers.

How does culture influence children's development according to the Developmental Niche?

Culture translates into the physical environment, caregiving practices, and beliefs about development.

What is the significance of parental ethnotheories?

They reflect shared cultural models of children, development, and good parenting.

What is the bidirectional process in child development?

Children actively shape their developmental niches, influencing and being influenced by their caregivers.

What factors can influence how caregivers respond to children?

Child characteristics such as age, gender, temperament, health status, abilities, and interests.

What is Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model?

A model that emphasizes the ongoing interactions between an active person and their multiple environments over time.

What does the acronym PPCT stand for in Bronfenbrenner's model?

Process, Person, Context, Time.

What are proximal processes?

Enduring, reciprocal interactions between a developing person and their immediate environment, such as parent-child play.

What is the significance of the chronosystem in development?

It describes how development unfolds across time, including moment-to-moment interactions and historical conditions.

What is the difference between microtime, mesotime, and macrotime?

Microtime refers to moment-to-moment interactions, mesotime refers to the frequency of interactions over days/weeks, and macrotime refers to historical and generational changes.

What does the Collectivistic-Individualistic Framework describe?

It describes how cultural values influence the relationship between the self and the group.

What are the primary goals of the Pediatric Model of caregiving?

To protect infant health and survival.

What is the primary goal of the Pedagogical Model of caregiving?

To prepare children for schooling and achievement.

What is Embodied Capital Theory?

The theory that humans invest in capacities within the body to increase future productivity and success.

Why is childhood considered a prolonged period in human development?

Because complex skills take years to acquire, allowing for learning before peak productivity.

What are some common ecological shifts associated with modernity?

Rural to urban residence, subsistence to commercial economy, and informal learning to formal schooling.

What developmental implications arise from the investment in children's skills?

Children's skills reflect accumulated investments, opportunities, learning, and health, not biology alone.

How do modernization processes affect children's environments?

They reorganize learning, relationships, and developmental goals, often leading to new inequalities and pressures.

What is the role of cultural values in parenting?

Cultural values influence caregiving priorities and practices, shaping children's development.

What is the impact of a child's temperament on caregiving?

A child's temperament can lead caregivers to adjust their supervision and protection levels.

How do historical conditions affect child development?

They shape the context in which development occurs, influencing opportunities and challenges faced by children.

What is the relationship between autonomy and collectivism in child-rearing?

Collectivism emphasizes interdependence and group harmony, while individualism emphasizes autonomy and self-expression.

What is the significance of regular and complex interactions in child development?

They are essential for promoting development through proximal processes.

How do caregiving practices influence child characteristics?

Caregiving practices can shape children's responses, interests, and abilities over time.

What is the importance of context in Bronfenbrenner's model?

Context includes interconnected settings and broader social structures that influence development.

What does the term 'developmental niche' refer to?

The unique environment and context in which a child develops, shaped by cultural and familial influences.

What are some examples of proximal processes?

Parent-child play, shared book reading, and interactions with teachers and peers.

How does time influence proximal processes?

Time affects the frequency and complexity of interactions, which are crucial for development.

What does the term 'mutual adaptation' mean in child development?

The ongoing adjustments between child characteristics and caregiving practices.