Top 50 Canine

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever.Where does the causative virus replicate? (2 with 3 steps involved)

URT epithelium macrophages -> multiply in tonsils and retrpharygeal and bronchial L.N. Via lymphatics -> Systemic via mononuclear cells (Canine Distemper)

Canine Distemper

viral disease of dogs, marked by fever and respiratory problems. What is the most common cause of infectious seizures in dogs?

At what age is canine distemper viral infection fatal in canines?

3-6 months

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. What type of infection is this?

Viral/paramyxovirus (Canine distemper)

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. How many days is it post infection?

Early infection 3-9 days. (Canine distemper)

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, CNS signs and fever. What stage of infection is this dog likely in?

Late infection 9-14 days post infection (Canine Distemper)

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. What is the confirmatory test? (2)

RT-PCR or fluorescent antibody (Canine Distemper)

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. What is the treatment? (3 w/3 sup)

ISOLATION 90 days (virus is shed up to 90 days post infection) Tx; **Supportive electrolytes, nutrition, anti-emetics, antipyretics, anticonvulsents **Broad antibiotics (prevent secondary infection) **Ribavirin (Virazole) = purine nucleoside analog (antiviral) = inhibit CDV replication (Canine Distemper)

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. What do you expect to see on the CBC?

Absolute lymphopenia (Canine Distemper)

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. What is the prognosis?

Poor (canine distemper)

What type of vaccine is canine distemper?

Modified live

A stray dog presents with nasal discharge, nasal planum hyperkeratosis, lethargy, cough, diarrhea, and fever. What would a CSF sample contain (2)

• increase protein

• lymphocytic pleocytosis (canine distemper)

A young dog presents with v/d, mucopurulent rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Cytology shows intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic inclusion bodies and catarrhal enteritis. What is the diagnosis?

Canine distemper

A young dog presents with v/d, mucopurulent rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Cytology shows intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic inclusion bodies and catarrhal enteritis. What does the causative virus replicate?

URT epithelium macrophages -> multiply in tonsils and retrpharygeal and bronchial L.N. Via lymphatics -> Systemic via mononuclear cells (Canine Distemper)

A young dog presents with v/d, mucopurulent rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Cytology shows intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic inclusion bodies and catarrhal enteritis. Necrposy shows Thymic atrophy. What is the diagnosis?

Canine distemper

A young dog presents with v/d, mucopurulent rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. Cytology shows intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic inclusion bodies and catarrhal enteritis. What is the prognosis?

Poor (canine distemper)

A Weimaraner puppy presents with hypertrophic osteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis a week after vaccination. What is the most likely cause of the reaction?

Distemper vaccine

Top 4 Acute abdomen in dogs

A. Parvo** B. Pyometra** C. Foreign body (separate) D. Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)*

Top 6 differentials for puppy hemorrhagic diarrhea. Hint: PCC SEA

• Canine Parvovirus – Campylobacter - Canine coronavirus – Salmonella - E. Coli O157:H7 - Ancylostoma caninum

What are the 4 most common cause of intussusception in dogs?

• endoparasitism – parvo - foreign bod - GI neoplasia

Parvovirus

Viral disease that causes severe vomiting and diarrhea in dogs

Canine parvovirus is what type of virus?

• ssDNA; /noneveloped ; icosahedral; replicates in the nucleus

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. What other breeds are predisposed to this disease? (5)

Rottweiler, German shepherd, dachshund, English spinrger spaniel, and pit bull (Canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. What is the pathophysiology of this virus? (3 infection & 2 affects)

virus attack small intestinal crypt cells, lymphopoietic tissue, and bone marrow => small intestinal billows blunting & myocardial infection (Canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. What is the confirmatory test?

Fecal ELISA (Canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. What is the treatment? (8 categories) Hint: - F: K or D & C - A (3) - AN (2) – On – D - N (2) - Os

ISOLATION - Fluid therapy IV w/ KCl or dextrose and colloid (hetastarch or albumin = tx edema/ascites/pleural effusion) - Antibiotics = bactericidal = ampicillin, Unasyn, cephalosporin - Anti-nausea = Maropitant or metoclpramide - smooth esophagus = ondansetron - Empirical deworm - Nutrition = trickle enteral if NO vomit, parenteral if can't stomach enteral

• oseltamivir = antiviral (mostly for influenza studies show promise) (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. If the puppy shows signs of severe edema or pleural effusion, what type of fluids should be administered?

Colloid- hetastarch or albulmin (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. What type of nutrition should be administered?

Parenteral

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. What is the prognosis?

Good with supportive care 70-90% survive with life immunity (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. What type of vaccine is used to prevent this viral infection?

Modified live (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. After the puppy is cleared and released, how many times should the treatment room be cleaned?

2 times before reuse (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Fecal ELISA shows positive. What are common complications of this condition? (6) Hint: USE ID

UTI thrombosis, septicemia, endotoxemia, ARDS, death, intussusception (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Necropsy shows thick, discolored intestine w/watery, hemorrhagic, or mucoid contents, edema of lymph nodes, Thymic atrophy, myocarditis w/pale streaks. What is the diagnosis?

Canine parvovirus

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Necropsy shows thick, discolored intestine w/watery, hemorrhagic, or mucoid contents, edema of lymph nodes, Thymic atrophy, and myocarditis w/pale streaks. What would you expect the CBC to have shown?

Leukopenia/neutropenia (canine parvovirus)

A stray doberman puppy presents with severe bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Necropsy shows thick, discolored intestine w/watery, hemorrhagic, or mucoid contents, edema of lymph nodes, Thymic atrophy, myocarditis w/pale streaks. What would you expect the biochemistry panel to have shown? (4)

low albumin, low glucose, low K, pre-renal azotemia (canine parvovirus)

Pyometra

pus in the uterus

An intact female 5 year old (mid-age) canine presents with chronic PU/PD. Recently it has developed fever, vomiting, purulent vulvar discharge, and abdominal pain. How long ago was the last estrus cycle?

1 month (pyometra)

An intact 5 year old (mid-age) canine presents with chronic PU/PD. Recently it has developed fever, vomiting, purulent vulvar discharge, and abdominal pain. AFAST shows a large fluid filled tubular structure in the caudal ventral abdomen. What is the diagnosis?

Pyometra

An intact 5 year old (mid-age) canine presents with chronic PU/PD. Recently it has developed fever, vomiting, purulent vulvar discharge, and abdominal pain. AFAST shows a large fluid filled tubular structure in the caudal ventral abdomen. What do you expect to see on vaginal cytology? (2)

Degenerative neutrophils and phagocytized bacteria (pyometra)

An intact 5 year old (mid-age) canine presents with chronic PU/PD. Recently it has developed fever, vomiting, purulent vulvar discharge, and abdominal pain. AFAST shows a large fluid filled tubular structure in the caudal ventral abdomen. What is the treatment? (3)

*Stabilization 1st = IV fluids, antibiotics, analgesics/pain meds 1. PGF-2 alpha (prostaglandin) 2. Surgery = Ovariohysterectomy - Medical Manage = referral for young breeding animals (pyometra)

An intact 5 year old (mid-age) canine presents with chronic PU/PD. Recently it has developed fever, vomiting, purulent vulvar discharge, and abdominal pain. AFAST shows a large fluid filled tubular structure in the caudal ventral abdomen. What is the prognosis?

Guarded (pyometra)

A shelter dog presents with acute PU/PD and vomiting. PE shows fever. AFAST shows a large fluid filled tubular structure in the caudal ventral abdomen. What is the next treatment step?

PGF-2 alpha (prostaglandin) (pyometra)

What dog breeds are prone to foreign body problems? (3)

terrier, collies, and spaniels What are the most common causes of foreign body problems in older dogs? (4)

What is the most common cause of foreign body problems in German shepards?

GI intussusception. What is the most common cause of foreign body problems in branchiocepphalic dog breeds?

Most common foreign bodies found in dogs. (2)

Bones/dental chews

Most common foreign body found in cats.

Sewing needles

Most common extraluminal GI obstruction

Intussusception

Intussusception is usually secondary to __________________. (4) Hint: PPFN

Parasite, parvo, foreign body, and neoplasia

Most common location for a GI foreign body.

Ileocecal colic junction

Most common causes of intramural obstruction (3)

neoplasia, fungal infection (eg, pythiosis), and granulomas (eg, secondary to feline infectious peritonitis).

A cocker spaniel presents with acute abdominal pain, tacky mucous membranes, and persistent vomiting. Radiographs show gas distended GI and radio opacity at the illeocecal colic junction. What do you expect to see on CBC?

Marked leukocytosis with a left shift. (foreign body)

A cocker spaniel presents with acute abdominal pain, tacky mucous membranes, and persistent vomiting. Radiographs show gas distended GI and radio opacity at the illeocecal colic junction. What to you expect to see on a biochemistry panel? (2)

low Cl (low electrolytes) and metabolic alkalosis regardless of location (foreign body)

A cocker spaniel presents with acute abdominal pain, tacky mucous membranes, and persistent vomiting. Blood works shows marked leukocytosis, low Cl, and metabolic alkalosis. What is the confirmatory test?

Radiographs (foreign body)

T/F A distal GI foreign body patient may experience little to no vomiting, intestinal fluid and gas sequestration, and overall decline of status.

True

A cocker spaniel presents with acute abdominal pain, tacky mucous membranes, and persistent vomiting. Radiographs show gas distended GI and radio opacity at the illeocecal colic junction. Suddenly they crouch over, and vomit. What is the diagnosis?

GI Foreign body

If the intestines are perforated, what contrast should be used in a radiograph? (2)

Iodine aq or iohexal

Signs of perforated intestines

??

A cocker spaniel presents with acute abdominal pain, tacky mucous membranes, and persistent vomiting. Radiographs show gas distended GI and radio opacity at the illeocecal colic junction. What is the initial treatment?

Supportive fluids and electrolytes w/acid-base fix; prophylactic broad antibiotics (GI foreign body)

A cocker spaniel presents with acute abdominal pain, tacky mucous membranes, and persistent vomiting. Radiographs show gas distended GI and radio opacity at the illeocecal colic junction. How long should you wait before moving to surgery? (2)

• Fail to move in 8 hours - Fail to pass in 36 hours (GI foreign body)

Most common areas of esophageal stricture (3)

• thoracic inlet - heart base - caudal esophagus

Surgical technique to repair esophageal stricture. (2)

• ventral midline, full thickness resection & end-to-end anastomosis - paracostal abdominal = mobilize omentum & patch esophagus (go through diaphragm)

What muscle is sutured to close an esophageal stricture repair.

patch suture lines w/sternohyoideal mm.

What nerve can be damage in an esophageal stricture repair surgery?

Sympathetic n.

GDV

gastric dilatation volvulus

T/F: Successful passage of stomach tube excludes presence of volvulus.

False

How can clients prevent GDV? (5)

prevention: multiple small meals, less stress, NO elevated feed bowls, no breeding w/GDV relatives, restric exercise near meal times (before and after). What post-op complications decrease the prognosis for the GDV? (3)

If an orogastric tube can't be passed, what is the stabilization treatment for GDV?

Gastrocentesis/trocar

What dog breeds are prone to GDV? (7)

German shepherd, Great Dane, Irish setter, standard poodle, Bassett hound, Saint Bernard, Gordon setter

What are the 5 therapeutic goals in a case of potential GDV? (Hint: RDDSP)

1. Restore/support circulation (Hypovolemic shock) 2. Decompress stomach 3. GDV or simple dilation 4. Sx correction if volvulus 5. Prophylaxis (sx or environment)

What fluids should be used for restorative circulation and treating hypovolemia in GDV patients in an ER. (5)

1. - ER fluids = 90 ml/kg/hr Crystaloid (LRS) 2. - giant breed = Bolus hypertonic saline dextran(HSD) combo @ 5ml/kg over 5 min 3. - Maintainance resuscitation = high volume crystalloid 20mL/kg/hr 4. Keep checking PCV/TP and ECG (may need blood products or synthetic colloid) 5. Repeat until stable!

What are common techniques for gastropexy in GDV patients? (3)

• incisional pexy - circumcostal (belt-loop) pexy - Tube gastronomy and pexy

What are the first 2 priorities of GDV treatment?

1. Treat Hypovolemia 2. Decompress stomach

What is the treatment for hypovolemia in a GDV case? (3)

• IV fluids (START before rads) = 90ml/kg/hr - O2 - Antibiotics (ampicillin. 22mg/kg TID-FID 2-3 days) = tx endotoxemia

What is the treatment for stomach decompression in a GDV case? (3)

1. - sedation = fentanyl (2-5mg/kg IV) or hydromorphone(0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV) , or Oxymorphone (0.1 mg/k IV) w/or w/o diazepam (0.25-0.5 mg/kg IV) 2. - orogastric tube or trocar (measure from external nares -> caudal be last rib), bandage roll btw teeth (aid passage of tube); if gastrocentesis needed = right or left paracostal space (avoid spleen) 3. lavage stomach w/warm water = decrease

T/F: Nitrous oxide must NOT be given until permanent gastric decompression has been done in a GDV dog.

True

T/F: Additional IV and intra-arterial catheters in pelvic limbs after anesthesia may be needed in critical GDV cases that need constant blood pressure monitoring.

True

What rate should fluids be set at in GDV anesthesia for surgical preparation?

High rate 10-20 ml/kg/hr

What is the goals mean arterial blood pressure and hematocrit for a dog undergoing emergency GDV surgery?

• BP = Above 65 mmHg - Hct = above 25-30%

How often should PCV/TP be measured for GDV intraoperatively?

30-60 min intervals

What suture pattern is used to close the submucosa of the stomach?

Simple continuous

What suture pattern is used to close the muscularis and serosa of the stomach?

Simple interrupted then over sew w/ inverting patterns (Cushing or Lemberg) to reinforce closure

What type of suture should be used for stomach closure?

Absorbable: Polydioxanone (PDS-Ethicon), polyglactin 910 (Vicryl-Ethicon), polyglycolic acid (Dexon-Davis and Geck) and polyglyconate (Maxon-Davis and Geck)

T/F: When redacting damaged tissue in GDV, remove tissue until all edges are actively bleeding.

True

What type of medication should be avoided with a GDV?

AVOID vasodilation = phenothiazine

What post operative parameters should be monitored in a GDV patient? (7)

• ECG – BP – vitals - PCV/TP – Electrolytes - Blood glucose - serum lactate

What post-op care is needed for a GDV dog? (9)

Post op: - IV fluids: 8-10ml/g/hr & balance electrolytes 1st 24hrs (offer 2 days if complications); reduce to 4ml/kg/hr on day 2 - withhold food 48 hrs - analgesics (morphine 0.5mg/kg IM every 4-6 hr) - antiemetics = metoclopramide (0.2-0.5 mg/kg, SC o 1-2 mg/kg/day IV) - maropitant 1mg/kg/day SC - If persistent tachycardia (>140), hypotension, >2CPM, ventricular premature complex= lidocaine bolus IV (2-4mg/kg) - Gastric acid reducer = - GI pro-motility (flortifor, ect) - if poor response to lidocaine = procainamide (6-10mg/kg IV) - LIFE THREAT arrhythmia = 20% magnesium sulfate (0.15-0.3 mEq/kg IV)

T/F: Gastropexy placed for GDV patients can remain in place for up to 10 days.

True

What is the most common post operative complications for a GDV patient?

local cellulitis of gastropexy tube (leak gastric contents around tube)

What are the potential post-op complications of GDV? (7)

• Most common = local cellulitis of gastropexy tube (leak gastric contents around tube) - persistent hypotension = tachycardia, poor CRT, and low urine output - persistent hypovolemia - Cardiac arrhythmias = VPC (only treat if acid/base adn electrolyte imbalances are corrected and intravascular volume normal !!!) - vomiting, regurgitation, Esophagitis, aspiration pneumonia - Gastric necrosis and perforation = 5 days post-op - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

GDV prognosis with treatment

Good: 85-90% survival

Rabies

an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal

What are the 4 phases of Rabies?

1. Prodromal = 2-3 days w/vague signs = anxiety, solitude, pruritus 2. Paralytic = 1-7 days = lethargy, bark change, drop jaw, difficult swallow = most common clinical phase for dogs 3. Furious = 2-4 days = seizures and aggression = most common clinical phase for cats = infect lambic system for aggression 4. Terminal = continuous seizures, coma, resp fail

Samples = head and brain intact, fresh on ice (NOT frozen) = direct FA of brainstem, cerebellum, and hippocampus, rabies virus buds from apical salivary gland surface (Note: VSV buds form basal)

What is the most common cause of rabies in humans?

Bat bites

T/F - Biting animals are treated as unvaccinated regardless of titers.

True

If an animal bites a human, then what should be done?

Animal bites human = confine animal for 10 day observation (no vaccination during this period)

When is the rabies vaccine most commonly given in dogs?

• 12-16 wks and booster annually

Where is the rabies vaccine typically given to dogs?

location = Right rear leg (cat = SQ and dogs = SQ and IM)