organelles

• Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid.

it has a fluid portion of cytoplasm (jelly-like); called • Cytosol - that contains

dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose

‣ Solution vs. colloid

‣ Individual vs. clumped atoms or ions distributed in medium

• Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid

• Polar (charged) compounds go into solution.

• Non-polar (non charged) compounds go into colloidal

suspension.

–– Cytoplasm of the Cell ––

compounds go into solution.

• Polar (charged)

compounds go into colloidal

suspension.

• Non-polar (non charged)

fluid portion of cytoplasm (jelly-like); contains

dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose

• Cytosol -

• Control center of the cell.

• All body cells have a nucleus at some point in their life cycle.

(RBC lose their nuclei as they develop)

–– Nucleus ––

• Control center of the cell.

–– Nucleus ––

• All body cells have a ___ at some point in their life cycle.

(RBC lose their nuclei as they develop)

–– Nucleus ––

has pores to allow the passage of

substances.

Nuclear membrane

fluid; colloidal suspension of proteins, nuclei

acids, and enzymes needed for the cells to make DNA.

• Nucleoplasm -

genetic material of cell. This strands that

condense to form chromosomes.

• Chromatin ->

center of nucleus; site of ribosome formation.

• Nucleolus -

Contains the genomes of the cell, which in somatic

cells is present on:

- 46 chromosomes

- 22 pairs of autosomes

- 1 pair of sex chromosomes

• (Nucleus)

Both sperm and eggs contain___chromosomes, a copy of each

autosome and either a male (xy) or a female (xx) sex

chromosome.

23

• Distributed throughout cytoplasm

• Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

• No membrane covering

• Site of proteins synthesis

–– Ribosomes ––

• Distributed throughout cytoplasm

–– Ribosomes ––

• Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

–– Ribosomes ––

• No membrane covering

–– Ribosomes ––

• Powerhouse of the cell

• Extraction of energy from the nutrients

• Present in all areas of each cell’s cytoplasm

• Cristae: inner folds where cellular respiration occurs.

• Energy requirements of cell determine cristae number.

• Self replicative

• Forms the ATP

• Synthesize ATP and thus provide the energy needed to power

many vital functions

• Composed of 2 membranes separated by an intermembrane

space:

‣ Inner membrane is folded into numerous cristae and is the

site where ATP is generated through the process of oxidative

phosphorylation.

‣ Matrix contains the enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle

and those involved in oxidation of fatty acids.

–– Mitochondria ––

contains the enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle

and those involved in oxidation of fatty acids.

‣ Matrix

• Powerhouse of the cell

–– Mitochondria ––

• Extraction of energy from the nutrients

–– Mitochondria ––

• Present in all areas of each cell’s cytoplasm

–– Mitochondria ––

• Self replicative

–– Mitochondria ––

• Forms the ATP

–– Mitochondria ––

• Synthesize ATP and thus provide the energy needed to power

–– Mitochondria ––

inner folds where cellular respiration occurs.

• Cristae:

• Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures.

• Conducts other substances to other parts of the cell.

• Connects with outer nuclear and cell membranes.

• Cisternae: sac like or channel like activities.

➡ Rough ER (Granular)

‣ For protein synthesis

‣ Attached ribosomes

➡ Smooth ER (Agranular)

‣ Fat transport (Lacteals in small intestine)

‣ Sex hormone synthesis (Gonads)

• Provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown

• Provides enzymes capable of detoxifying substances (drug)

–– Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ––

• Cisternae: sac like or channel like activities.

‣ For protein synthesis

‣ Attached ribosomes

➡ Rough ER (Granular)

‣ Fat transport (Lacteals in small intestine)

‣ Sex hormone synthesis (Gonads)

• Provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown

• Provides enzymes capable of detoxifying substances (drug)

➡ Smooth ER (Agranular)

‣ Fat transport (Lacteals in small intestine)

➡ Smooth ER (Agranular)

‣ Sex hormone synthesis (Gonads)

➡ Smooth ER (Agranular)

• Provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown

➡ Smooth ER (Agranular)

• Provides enzymes capable of detoxifying substances (drug)

➡ Smooth ER (Agranular)

• Collection of flat saclike cisternae prominent in secretory cells.

• Concentration and collection of cellular compounds.

• Packaging and distribution center because it modifies,

packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.

• Storage warehouse of the cell.

• Carbohydrate synthesis site.

• Sometimes, it becomes broken -> secretory vesicle will be

produced

- Another prominent function is to provide secretions thru

secretor vesicles.

• Exocytosis for:

1. Forming lysosomes

2. Secretion extracellularly

3. Plasma membrane to produce proteins. Proteins

synthesized in the RER are transferred in the golgi

apparatus via coated vesicles.

–– Golgi apparatus ––

Collection of flat saclike cisternae prominent in secretory cells.

–– Golgi apparatus ––

• Concentration and collection of cellular compounds.

–– Golgi apparatus ––

• Packaging and distribution center because it modifies,

packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.

–– Golgi apparatus ––

• Storage warehouse of the cell.

–– Golgi apparatus ––

• Carbohydrate synthesis site.

–– Golgi apparatus ––

• Sometimes, it becomes broken -> secretory vesicle will be

produced

–– Golgi apparatus ––

• Digestive enzyme packages

• Vesicular organelles that may be formed by RER and Golgi

bodies.

• Function of intracellular digestive system:

‣ Digest food

‣ Maintenance and repair of organelles

‣ Suicide agents for old or weak cells (Autolysis)

Autolysis - another special role of lysosomes; removal of damaged

cells or damaged portions of cells from tissues

‣ If the damaged is minimal, only a portion of the cell is

removed and the cell is then repaired.

‣ If the damaged is severe, the entire cell is digested - process

called AUTOLYSIS

‣ Autography - is the housekeeping process which obsolete

organelles and large protein aggregates are degraded and

recycled. “To eat oneself”

–– Lysosomes ––

• Digestive enzyme packages

• Vesicular organelles that may be formed by RER and Golgi bodies.

• Function of intracellular digestive system:

‣ Digest food

‣ Maintenance and repair of organelles

‣ Suicide agents for old or weak cells (____)

Autolysis

another special role of lysosomes; removal of damaged

cells or damaged portions of cells from tissues

‣ If the damaged is minimal, only a portion of the cell is

removed and the cell is then repaired.

‣ If the damaged is severe, the entire cell is digested - process

called ________

Autolysis -

is the housekeeping process which obsolete

organelles and large protein aggregates are degraded and

recycled. “To eat oneself”

‣ Autography -

• Contains enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids

• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be toxic to the cell, is a

by-product of that breakdown.

• Contains oxidases that breaks down hydrogen peroxides to

water and oxygen.

• Formed by self-replication (budding from SER).

–– Peroxisomes ––

• Contains enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids

•

–– Peroxisomes ––

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be toxic to the cell, is a

by-product of that breakdown.

–– Peroxisomes ––

• Contains oxidases that breaks down hydrogen peroxides to

water and oxygen.

–– Peroxisomes ––

• Formed by self-replication (budding from SER).

–– Peroxisomes ––

• Supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in

place. It is also responsible for changes in cell shape and the

movement of cell organ.

• The _____ consists of three groups proteins:

microtubules. Intermediate, filaments, and actin filament

(thickest to thinnest).

–– Cytoskeleton ––

• Supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in

place. It is also responsible for changes in cell shape and the

movement of cell organ.

–– Cytoskeleton ––

• The _____ consists of three groups proteins:

microtubules. Intermediate, filaments, and actin filament

(thickest to thinnest).

–– Cytoskeleton ––

two centrioles at right angles to each other.

‣ Composed of nine sets of triplet fibers.

• Form spindle fibers during cell division (microtubules).

• Guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells.

• Centrosome:

two centrioles at right angles to each other.

• Centrosome:

‣ Composed of nine sets of triplet fibers.

• Centrosome:

• Form spindle fibers during cell division (microtubules).

• Centrosome:

• Guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells.

• Centrosome: