Intercultural Communications Cedarville University (COM 2140) Exam 1

What type of noise is in Environmental

Temp

Light

Sight

Motion

What type of noise is in Sender Based

Non-verbal

Verbal

What type of noise is in Receiver Based

Emotional State

Preparedness to receive

Tabigh

Propagation

Tawhid

Unity

Doctrine of Responsibility

Guidance

Taqwa

Piety

Narrow (Not sure what my notes meant)

Rules

Wide (Not sure what my notes meant)

Artifacts

Behavior

Concepts/Values

Characteristics of Culture

- Learned

- Shared/Transmitted

- Changeable

- Selective

- Connected

- Ethnocentric

- Adaptable

- Learned explicit or implicit (taught or caught)

- Pervasive (permeates our lives)

Axioms

Accepted ideas that aren't questioned

6 Axioms of Intercultural Communications

1.

2. Inter Comm has both content and relational dimensions

3. Communication styles = personal qualities inferred from messages and communicator

4. Inter comm depends on reducing uncertainty

5. Communications and culture inseparable

6. Goal is effective communications

Task oriented goal

Relationship-oriented

goal

Adjustment-oriented

goal

Macro-Culture

U.S.A

China

Micro-Culture

Counter Culture

Beat Culture

Hippies

Social Classes

Suspicions

Us vs Them

Solidarity

Codes and symbols

Expectations

Enemies

Separation

??

Stereotypes

Generalizations

1. Simple

2. Acquired 2nd hand

a. Media

b. Other people

3. Erroneous

a. Countertypes are

stereotypes that

are good but not

necessarily true

4. Resistant to change

Walter Lippmann

Started the Idea of Stereotypes

Stella Ting-Toomey

Started Face negotiation theory

Permanent (Ting-Toomey)

1. Cultural

i. How American are you?

2. Ethnic

i. How much does you ancestor influence who you are?

3. Gender

4. Personality

Situational (Ting-Toomey)

1. Role

i. Positional identity

2. Relationship

i. Identity in connections

7. Facework

i. Save Face

ii. How important is it that I

maintain the dignity of

myself and others

8. Symbolic Interaction

i. Sensitive to the ques

they send back to

identify who I am

Geert Hofstede

4 dimensions of culture

4 dimensions of culture (Geert Hofstede)

Individualism

Collectivism

High level of uncertainty

tolerance

low level of uncertainty

tolerance

o Individualism Stresses

Personal Achievements

The one is greater than the group

Self-realization

Communication that is clear and direct

Truthfulness

Meeting personal needs and goals

Independence

Linear communication

Examples: US, Australia, UK, Canada, Netherlands, NZ, Italy

o Collective Stresses:

o Collective Stresses:

o Community

o Harmony in relationships

o Fitting into the in-group

o The many is greater than the one

o Importance of face

o Communications that is indirect

o Focuses on others' needs

o Avoids negative evaluations of and from the other

o Less goal-directed

o Not linear

o Examples: Colombia, Korea, Pakistan, Peru, Taiwan

High level of uncertainty tolerance

o Comfortable dealing with diversity

o Tends to use more indirect communication styles

o Tend not to show emotion in communication

o "What is different is curious"

low level of uncertainty tolerance

o low ability for dealing with diversity

o direct communication styles

o more likely to show emotion in communication

o "what is different is dangerous"

Meyer Briggs

- There is not a best personality

- Developed for women during WWII to see where they fit best in the war effort

- Sorts people in preferences

- Does not measure abilities

Meyer Briggs Types

o Extroversion -

Introversion

o Sensing - Intuition

o Thinking - Feeling

o Judging - Perceiving

Extroversion (Meyer Briggs) 75%

Talk it out

Directed outward

Change the world

After thinker

Introversion (Meyer Briggs) 25%

Think it out

Directed inward

understand the world

Fore thinkers

Sensing (Meyer Briggs) 72%

Just the facts

practicality

life as it is

experience

Intuition (Meyer Briggs) 28%

The big Picture

innovation

Life as it could be

inspiration

Thinking (Meyer Briggs) 66%

Logical/reasoning

Truth and Principles

Solves problems

Impartial fairness

Feeling (Meyer Briggs) 34%

Emotion/passion

People and harmony

supports others

unique personal approach

Judging (Meyer Briggs) 52%

closure

Planning

Decisive/purposeful

Destination

Perceiving (Meyer Briggs) 48%

Search

Spontaneous

flexible/adaptable

journey

Power Distance

How far the people feel from the authority/power

High power distance

o Rigidly stratified - vertical cultures in which hierarchies are important

o Accept inequality as the norm

o privacies reserved for powerholders

o authoritarian communication styles

o oppressive behavior

o formalized rituals for respect, attention, agreement

o Examples: Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela, India, Singapore, France

Low Power distance

o Support of equality for all based so strongly on hierarchies

o Latent Harmony

o Independence is valued

o Decisions involve input of all individual

o Examples: Australia, Israel, Denmark, NZ, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Finland

Masculine (Achievement)

• Masculine Stresses

o Work is central to life

o Assertiveness and competitiveness

o Clearly differentiated gender roles

o Communication that is aggressive

o Conflict and problem-solving that is based on facts

o Examples: Japan, Australia, Venezuela, Switzerland, Mexico, Ireland, GB, Germany

Feminine (Nurturing)

• Feminine Stresses:

o Affection and compassion

o Nurturing

o Interpersonal relations

o Fluid gender types

o Strong NVC

o Better abilities to deal with ambiguity

o Examples: Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Portugal, Thailand

Normative

• Strong allegiance to long-term commitments

• Respect for tradition

• Strong work ethic (with long-term rewards)

• Procedures as important as results

• View change with suspicion

Progressive

• Weak adherence to long-term commitments

• Allows rapid change

• Encourages adaptation to reach goals

• Encourages thrift to plan for the future

• Progress

Indulgence

• Weak control over impulses

• Immediate gratification

• Short-term goals and desires catered to

Restraint

• String control over impulses

• Delayed gratification

• Willing to sacrifice for long-term goals

Communication goals

St: bottom line, efficient, don't waste time

Heard: blunt, bossy

SF: personal, respectful, inclusive

Heard: too personal, phony

NF: engaging, use vibrant language

Heard: Rambling, vague

NT: Interesting complex idea presentation

Heard: lecturing, arrogant

Kluckholn and Strodtbeck's

Value orientation

Five question all cultures must answer (Kluckholn and Strodtbeck's Value orientation)

1. What is the basic nature of mankind? (human nature orientation)

2. What is the relationship of people to nature (person-nature orientation)

3. how do people consider the nature of time (time orientation)

4. what is the focus of human activity? (action orientation)

5. How people relate to each other? (relation orientation)

1. What is the basic nature of mankind? (human nature orientation)

Evil but mutable (can change)

Evil and immutable (can't change)

Neutral (neither good or bad)

Mixture of good and bad

Good but mutable (can change)

Good but immutable (can't change)

2. What is the relationship of people to nature (person-nature orientation)

humans are subject to nature

• fatalistic submission

nature is subject to humans

• people master of nature

humans and nature in harmony

• preserve and work in natural conditions

3. how do people consider the nature of time (time orientation)

focus on the past

• tradition oriented (Japan)

focus on the present

• only here and now (Navajo)

focus on the future

• eyes bigger and better ahead (US)

4. what is the focus of human activity? (action orientation)

doing - activities w/external outcomes

Being - values spontaneity

Being-in-becoming - meditation, personal thoughts and development

5. How people relate to each other? (relation orientation)

Individualism

Linearity

Collaterally

Parson's pattern variables

1. Self-orientation vs. collective-orientation

2. Affectivity vs. affective-neutrality

3. Universalism vs. particularism

4. Diffuseness vs. specificity

a. Responses to the whole

person or object

b. Response to a

particular aspect

5. Ascription vs achievement

6. Instrumental vs. expressive interactions to accomplish something

Dodd's cultural dimensions

• Monochromic - Polychromic

• High context - Low context

• Task - People Culture

• Spirit - Secular

• Shame - Guilt

• Monochromic - Polychromic (Dodd)

o Mono doing one thing well then move on

o Poly doing many things to get more done

• High context - Low context (Dodd)

o High: indirect communication and rules are implicit

o Low: direct communication and rules are explicit

• Task - People Culture (Dodd)

o Task: goals

o People: relationship

• Spirit - Secular (Dodd)

o Spirit:

o Secular:

• Shame - Guilt (Dodd)

o Shame: losing face effecting your family and yourself

o Guilt:

Structural tightness

•(tight cultures)

• ---rules tend to be

clear

• ---not allowed to

violate

•breaking the rules

means sanctions

•homogeneous societies

loose cultures

• rules may not be very clear

• more latitude to deviate

• punishment not so sever