Human Physiology Test 1 Vocab

What is physiology?

the study of how living organisms function

Structure dictates ______

function

What is homeostasis?

physiological variables in a state of dynamic constancy (not static)

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

absorption and secretion of ions and organic molecules

What is the function of nervous tissue?

initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical impulses

What is the function of muscle tissue?

generate mechanical force

What is the function of connective tissue?

connect, anchor, and support structures of the body

What tissue types help to form organs?

All tissue types

What are the two compartments of the extracellular fluid?

interstitial fluid and blood plasma

In epithelial tissue, the _____ side of the cell faces the interior of the structure.

apical

In epithelial tissue, the side facing the basement membrane and usually the blood vessels is called the ______ side.

basolateral

Many epithelial cells have _______, which ensure that no large particles move between cells so that all of the movement can be controlled by the epithelial cells.

tight junctions

Training at a high altitude to increase the body’s ability to climb Mount Everest due to a temporary increase in the body’s ability to carry oxygen is an example of what?

Acclimitization

During childbirth, the fetus pushes against the cervix when it is ready to come out. This stretches the cervix, sending messages to the brain to release the hormone oxytocin, which will lead to the contraction of the uterus. This causes the fetus to be pushed down into the cervix, causing more stretching to occur. This is an example of what?

Positive feedback

Pitocin is a synthetic chemical used to help induce childbirth in certain scenarios. It does so by binding to oxytocin receptors in the uterus. What property does Pitocin share with oxytocin?

Specificity

What is the sequence for a reflex arc?

Stimulus → Receptor → Afferent pathway → Integrating center → Efferent pathway → Effector → Response

After eating a large batch of salty potato chips, levels of salt in the urine increase to bring levels of salt back to normal in the blood. This is an example of what?

homeostatic mechanism

An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration. This is an example of what?

a negative feedback system (an inc/dec in a variable brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction)

What part of the reflex arc is: the motor neurons controlling hand movement ?

Efferent pathway

What part of the reflex arc is: The spinal cord/central nervous system ?

Integrating center

What part of the reflex arc is: The muscles in your hand/arm ?

Effector

What part of the reflex arc is: the temperature sensitive neurons in your hand ?

Receptor

What part of the reflex arc is: the neurons sending signals to the spinal cord away from the stimulus ?

Afferent pathway

What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain via homeostasis?

Set point

Biological rhythms such as the circadian rhythm are an example of an anticipatory homeostatic component known as a ______.

feedforward system

A chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells is a _______.

hormone

A diuretic is any sort of substance that will increase the body’s excretion of urine. Urine is composed of water and several solutes, like sodium ions. If a person takes a diuretic without increasing the consumption of water, what would their water balance be classified as?

Negative water balance (loss exceeds gain)

_______ are regulators of cellular activity produced by the same cell that is affected.

Autocrine substance

______ are chemical messengers used by the nervous system between an axon terminal and a synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters

________ are chemical messengers that affect nearby cells.

Paracine substance

What type of ion is a Ca²+ ion? (calcium ion)

Cation

Where is the majority of energy located within the ATP molecule?

Within the bond between the terminal phosphates

To facilitate the movement of ions between cells quickly without sending ions through the extracellular space, two cells may use _______.

Gap junctions

What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond?

A polar covalent bond has a PARTIAL CHARGE due to UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS

What is a free radical?

Contains a single unpaired electron in an orbital of their outer shell and rapidly oxidize other atoms by removing an electron from that atom

What are hydrogen bonds?

Relatively weak bonds that rely on the accumulation of many bonds for their strength

Oils do not easily disperse into water, but rather clump into oil droplets. Why does this occur?

Oil is nonpolar, whereas water is polar

What is an amphipathic molecule?

Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules

Blood is a complex solution composed of several chemicals including the electrolytes sodium, calcium, and potassium. When describing this solution, the electrolytes are the ______.

Solutes

What is the orientation of the phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer membrane?

The hydrophilic, polar heads of two separate phospholipids are on the outside and the hydrophobic, nonpolar tails are on the inside.

What is a covalent bond?

Two atoms share outer orbital electrons with each other to form a bond

What is an acid?

A hydrogen ion donor with a low pH

True or false: polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar molecules cannot

True

What is a primary structure of a protein?

The number and sequence of amino acids in a protein

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

the 3D shape (alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet)

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

new 3D conformation - protein blob + intramolecular bonds

What is the quarternary structure of a protein?

intermolecular bonds + several tertiary structures

What is it called when proteins in the body start to unfold and no longer work?

Denaturation

What are the bonds that influence the three-dimensional structure of a protein?

Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, covalent disulfide bonds

True or false: The membrane that is found around all cells is different from the membrane found around all bacteria and organelles.

False

What molecules are involved in the sending of messages in neurons that is facilitated by a small electrical current?

Electrolytes

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

passage/regulation of substances, detecting chemical messengers, linking adjacent cells, anchoring cells to the ECM

What is a ligand?

A molecule or ion that binds to a protein

A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?

Specificity

Enzymes can be modulated to either reduce or enhance their activity. The type of modulation is easily reversed by binding to the regulatory site is ______.

Allosteric modulation

What are traits of binding sites?

shape is complementary to the shape of a ligand, it changes the conformation of the protein, it is determined by the amino acid sequence, it can activate/inactivate a protein’s specific function

Nucleus

Houses the genetic information

Nucleolus

Site of ribosome synthesis

Mitochondria

Site of most cellular respiration, generates ATP for the cell, double membrane organelle with cristae and a matrix

Lysosomes

contains acidic fluid, breaks down bacteria and debris

Rough ER

rough appearance, synthesizes and packages proteins to be moved to the golgi

Smooth ER

stores and releases calcium ions for muscle contraction, site of certain lipid molecule synthesis

Golgi

proteins arriving here undergo final modification for their use, packages proteins to be released outside of the cell

Ribosomes

The main site of protein synthesis in a cell, can be free or bound

During gestation, the fetus produces a special type of hemoglobin known as fetal hemoglobin. As the mother’s blood passes through the placenta, oxygen moves from the mother’s hemoglobin to the fetal hemoglobin. What would best describe the property that fetal hemoglobin has?

Higher affinity

What is the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction

What is used to transfer energy within a cell as the energy currency?

ATP

In the absence of oxygen, what is the fate of pyruvate?

converted to lactose in order to regenerate NAD+

Cyanide is a molecule that binds irreversibly to and acts as an allosteric INHIBITOR for one of the cytochromes (proteins) in the electron transport chain. What molecule would you see increased in the cells of a person suffering from cyanide poisoning?

NADH

What molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC in order to form metabolic water?

Oxygen (O₂)

Diatomic oxygen (O₂) is a small non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by ______.

Simple diffusion

What is mediated transport?

It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule to transport it across a cell membrane

Ion channels in cell membranes may open in response to a change in ______.

voltage

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytosol, starts w/ glucose, ends w/ 2 NADH per glucose, invests 2 ATP, ends w/ 2 pyruvate per glucose

Krebs Cycle

Starts w/ Acetyl CoA, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, ends with 6 NADH per glucose, contains a substrate level phosphorylation, ends w/ 2 FADH per glucose

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Occurs in the cristae, consists of the ETC and chemiosmosis, ends w/ metabolic water formation and lots of ATP

Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion?

Requirement for metabolic energy (ATP)

If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, what would occur first?

Primary active transport of molecules would cease

What is secondary active transport?

an ion gradient established by primary active transport is used to move another substance against its concentration gradient

As concentration increases, which transport system would you expect to continue moving molecules the fastest?

Concentration induction catalase proteins

What is true regarding the diffusion of a nonpolar solute X across a cell membrane?

At equilibrium, the movement of X across the membrane will be faster in one direction than in the other

Carbohydrates

Always polar, includes glucose

Lipids

Strictly nonpolar, includes steroids

Nucleic Acids

Contains genetic info

Proteins

Amino acid subunits

The sodium potassium pump functions as a form of _____ active transport.

primary

The pump uses energy to transport ____ potassium ions into the cell and ______ sodium ions out of the cell.

2, 3

The source of energy for this protein in the Na+/K+ pump is _____.

ATP

The Na+/K+ pump results in a _____ charge on the inside of the cell.

negative