APUSH Unit 1 Vocab

Bering Transitory Archipelago

How Asians went from the Asian continent to North America through the Bering Land bridge about 15000-30000 years ago because there used to be an island chain between Asian and North America so people could travel between the continents.

Beringia (Bering Land bridge)

Was a land bridge about 50 miles wide that became available about 13000 years ago after the Ice age. Asian Nomads went from Asia in search of large animals, such as bison and mastodons, which brought them to North America which later spread across the Americas. Bering was a grassland with dry winters and mild summers.

Mega fauna

large animals such as mammoths, bison, elephants, etc. provided an incentive for people to travel from Asia to America.

Wampum

Symbolic shells that symbolize condolence from an oral tradition through the story of Hiawatha from the Iroquois confederacy from about C.E. 1400

reciprocity

mutual bestowing of gifts and favors, which enabled paleo-Indians (the earliest Americans) to develop cultures that transcended their bands. It occurred when bands of paleo-Indians met with one another.

Archaic peoples

After the ice receded from the Ice age, the Indians who thrived off the environmental changes were called archaic peoples. They flourished because of the new forests and grasslands what were unveiled by the Ice which occurred at around 8-4000 BCE.

Mesoamerica

current Mexico and central America. Groups of Archaic Indians who developed more sophisticated plant cultivation sites lived in Mesoamerica, where maize agriculture was highly developed by 2500 BCE

Chiefdoms

clustered groups of societies which were part of a more powerful rules that was hereditary and often exercised absolute power. They were present all over Mesoamerica, Andes, Mississippi, and the amazon valleys. Chiefdoms are mostly run by males, from 1200-600 BC

Poverty Point

town in lower Mississippi where around 5000 peoples lived in by 1200 BCE. It was the center of a longer political and economic area. The natives also built large earthworks in the area creating 6 concentric embankments.

Hopewell

After 100 BC the Adena culture evolved into a culture called Hopewell which was in the Ohio and Illinois river valley. Hopewell centers contained many mounds used for burial, and spanned over large areas.

Mississippian

Some of the first full time farmers, often from poverty point, Adena and Hopewell cultures, created a new culture on the east around AD 700 called the Mississippian, which had a huge amount of trade and production. They were present east on the floodplains of the Mississippi river.

Cahokia

Located near modern St. Louis, after about AD 900 the Mississippian centers had extensive river-borne trade routes. The most powerful trading system was centered around Cahokia.

Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)

Ancient native American culture from around 700 AD in the current 4-corners region of the United States. They expanded to become the most powerful group of people in the south west. They had complex architecture such as apartments.

Mesa Verde

Place in south western Colorado where Anasazi culture thrived but come to an end in the 12th and 13th centuries, likely because of drought, where then the culture and area split apart.

Kiva

Partly underground structures where men conducted religious ceremonies in Anasazi culture.

Clovis

people of Mongolian origin who migrated to Alaska on the land bridge. Their spears are the first sign of human activity in the Americas.

Clovis point

The spears that people first made when they came to the Americas. The Clovis point is a type of spear head dated back to the earliest sign of human activity in the Americas.

Nuclear vs. extended familes

Nuclear families are on the parents and children living together. Extended families are when the relatives also live together under the same roof, which is how many native american families operated.

Iroquois

Group of 5 native american nations that were in constant conflict. They later created a council of chiefs to resolve the issues around AD 1400

Long House

traditional homes for many of the farming tribes of American Indians that lived in southern New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey

Great league of Peace

united the 5 nations in the Iroquois confederacy

Iroquois Confederacy (5 nations)

A political group of 5 nations that came together after the great league of peace from around 1450 and 1600 CE.

Hiawatha

a leader and cofounder of the onondeaga people, mowhawk people, or both

Deganawidah Epic

story of how Hiawatha envisioned the great league of pace and convinced the 5 nations to join and become peaceful

Garakontie

A tribal chief of the Onondaga national, converted to Catholicism and a French diploma and peacekeeper

The Crusades

A series of religious wars by the roman catholic church to reclaim the holy land

Renaissance

Revival of older religious texts and classical ideas, made possible by Marco Polo’s increased trade to places like Venice.

Mercantism

Wealth is finite, maximize exports, minimize imports, more wealth = more power, enables self sufficiency

Portugal

Prince Henry the Navigator was from Portugal, first neutral nation to establish diplomatic ties with the US

Prince Henry the Navigator

From Portugal, created a navigator school, developed a route around southern Africa

Spain

Sponsor of Christopher Colombus to find Asia going the other way around the globe

Columbus

tried to reach asia accross the atlantic, convinces ferdinand and isabella of spain to sponsor him. Arrives in Cuba, finds gold and slaves to bring back to spain.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Sponsored Christopher Columbus on his expedition to “Asia”. First king and q ueen of Spain

Columbia Exchange

Exchange of materials, products, ideas, food, disease, etc. between the old and new world.

Hands on Bureaucracy

A system of multilayered processes and hierarchy

Policy regarding indigenous population

Forced labor policies, and killed by disease

Florida in Pleistocene Era

Florida was much larger because of lower sea levels and had megafuana

La Florida

Controlled by the Spanish. Ponce de Leon (early 1500s) landed near cape Canaveral and called it La Florida and claimed it under Spain

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer and conquistador who found La Florida and led the first European expedition to Puerto Rico and Florida

Tristan de Luna

Colonial settlement at Pensacola Bay to create a route to Santa Elena. His feet was destroyed, he was a bad leader so he was over thrown and his colony suffered.

Panfilo de Narvaez

Tried to create settlement in Tampa Bay, failed because of his desire to look for treasure more than a settlement.

Cabeza de Vaca, shipwrecks

Wrote a book called shipwrecks. Described real life journey of 4 survivors across the southeast US. Took about 8 years to arrive at a Spanish settlement.

Estevanico (estaban)

One of the explorer in Shipwrecks, became the first African to travel across Florida and Southeast US

Juan Ortiz

Lived the real Pocahontas story, retold by John smith and changed

The Real Pocahontas Story

Hernando de Soto was exploring when he met Ortiz, he was captured by native Americans, but the chief’s daughter pleaded for his life. He was put into slavery, caused the death of a child by accident, but he escapes.

Hernando de Soto

Man who found Ortiz and was a Spanish conquistador

Pedreo Mendez

Spanish admiral that founded St. Augustine. Started trans-oceanic convoys with the Spanish treasure fleet

St. Augustine

oldest continuous city in continental US. Founded by Pedro Menendez in 1565. was not a good military post, burned down by pirates. Never achieved investment goals due to infertile soil, and not a good environment.

Forst Mose, Angola, Negro Fort

First legally sacntioned African settlment in present day US. Set up by spnaihs governor of Flroida as a space for e scaped slaves fleeing from the british. Granted asylum in st. Augustine in exhcange for service and convert to catholicism.

Spanish Missions

Began in 1578, meant to convert native Americans to Christianity, especially in Florida.

Mission San Luis

Spanish Franciscan mission in Tallahassee to convert native Americans to Christianity.

Bishop Dionisio Resino

arrived in La Florida to convert natives. They had died of disease so he returned to Cuba 5 weeks later.

New Mexico

Became part of Mexico in 1821, was seceded to the US in 1848 at the end of the Mexican-American war

Encomiendas

A Spanish Labor system that made non-Christian (mostly natives and nonpure natives) people work unpaid but provided military protection and education

Atlantic slave trade

Trade of African people through the triangular route known as the middle passage from Africa to America

Lisbon

The site of the first large European slave auction for Africans

Bishop Bartolomeo de las Casas

convinced Charles the second of Spain to use Africans as slaves rather than native Americans because they are more resilient to disease. He regretted this decision and spent the rest of his life trying to undo it.

Asiento

License issued by the King of Spain to legally trade African slaves in Spanish possession

Krumen

Sailors from the Kru people of west Africa, which white people hired for boating skills.

“Balkinization of Africa”

African nations split up and had conflict during this time, as a result the African nations couldn’t fight against the Europeans.

The Gloria

Terrible slave trading business. Paid Africans to attack and capture enemy Africans to take them into slavery, then took those Africans into slavery as well.

Barracoons

outdoor holding cell slaves were kept in before being loaded onto slave trading ships, they were dehumanized in the Barracoons

The Middle Passage

Worst part of the slave trade, journey across the Atlantic, horrible conditions in the bottom of the ship.

Loose Packing vs Tight Packing

Tight packing was packing as many slaves on a ship as possibly, even if many die there are still many alive to sell. Loose packing was packing in a way that the space would be best and keep them healthy to be sold, many fewer slaves in total to be sold though.

Insurance Fraud in slave trade

For tightly packed ship where many slaves died, the insurance may cover the cost of the slaves who died, sometimes even profitable to kill slaves to gain insurance money

Speculum Oris

Screwdriver like tool used to pry open jaws of slaves who went on a hunger strike, made an image to prevent other slaves from trying to do so as well.

The Henrietta Marie

a slave ship that carried Africans to the west Indies. It would shipwreck at the southern tip of Florida on its way back to England due to a hurricane.