Day 3: Lecture and Dry Lab 2

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture AKA _____ _____ in humans.

ACL tear

Cruciate ligament

• Connects tibia to femur

• Provides support

• People rupture cranial more than caudal

• There’s cranial and caudal ligaments

Rupture CrCL rupture

Partial or complete tear

CrCL etiology

Excessive force on normal joint/abnormal

CrCL diagnosis

Physical exam (Cranial Drawer Test), radiographs

Treatment for CrCL

Surgery, stop activity, weight management, pain meds

Cranial Drawer Test

Grab leg and move like fdrawer to see if there’s rupture betwene tebia and femur

TPLO

Take tibia to saw bone and rotate proximal tibia to be plateaued __> into crusched ligamnet —> plate permannet

Osteoarthritis in animals

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, often leading to pain and stiffness in affected joints.

Healthy joint has _____ cartilage.

smooth

Arthritic joint has ___ and _____ lesion.

bone, cartilage

Etiology of 1st and 2nd osteoarthritis

Idiopathic, underlying condition (other ruptures)

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis

Physical exams, radiographs (less expensive)

Treatment of osteoarthritis

Pain meds, joint supplements, weight management, environmental modifications

Water treadmill

Helps with osteoarthritis rehab and other geriatric dogs

Synovial joint

2 parts: synovial capsule and synovial membrane (also capsule)

Bone

A dynamic connective tissue containing cells, their products, and mineral deposits

Connective

Cells (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) suspended within a tissue-specific extracellular matrix that is constantly changing

Functions of bones

• Support/protection (posture)

• Encase organs

• Locomotion

• Storage

• Homostasis (keep)

Storage in bones

Stores minerals, fats, RBC, WBC, platelets; endocrine regulation of growth factor, bone formation

Hematopoiesis

Production of blood cells

External anatomy of long bones

• Epiphysis

• Diaphysis

• Metaphysis

• Physis

Internal anatomy of long bones

• Outer layer = cortex

• Inner layer = medula

Epiphyisis

Both end of the long bone; connecting articular cartilage

Diaphysis

Central shift of the long bne

Metaphysis

Fared areas between diaphysis and epiphysis

Physis (growth plate)

Growing cartilage; ossifies (becomes bone) and forms the epiphyseal line after growth.

Medula contains

• Spongy bone: red marrow —> hematopoiesis

• Medullary cavity: yellow marrow —> fat storage

Joint

A point where 2+ bones meet

Synovial joint

Where two bones meet and are connected by a fibrous capsule filled with synovial fluid, allowing for movement.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Flexion

Brings bones closer

Extension

Brings bones farther

Muscle

Type of tissue made up of cells and muscle fibers that can contract (shorten)

Types of muscle

• Skeletal

• Cardiac

• Smooth

Skeletal muscle

• Striated (striped)

• Voluntary

• Multinucleated

• Regenerative

Cardic muscle

• Striated muscle

• Only in heart

• Involuntary

• Intercalated discs

• One nucleus

• Nonregenerative

Smooth muscle

• Non-striated, criss-crossed

• Found in tubular organs

• Involuntary

• One nucleus

• Regenerative

The stifle (knee) joint has two cruciate ligaments called

Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL-”ACL”) and the caudal cruciate ligament

The 2 cruciate ligament do what

Connect the femur to the tibia

The CrCL runs where?

From the femur to the tibia in a caudal to cranial direction

Function of the CrCL

Stabilize the stifle joint and prevent cranial sliding of the tibia against the femur

Picture of CCLR (Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture)

What’s pink?

Scapula

What’s upper left black?

Humerus

What’s grey?

Radius

What’s upper light green?

Ulna

What’s red?

Carpals

What’s yellow?

Metacarpals

What’s lower purple?

Phalanges

What’s lower light green?

Thoracic limbs

What’s light blue?

Patella

What’s orange?

Tibia

What’s upper purple?

Pelvis

What’s lime?

Fibula

What’s above lime?

Femur

What’s under the white?

Tarsals and metatarsals

What’s navy?

Phalanges

What’s lower black?

Pelvic limbs

What’s purple?

Shoulder

What’s black?

Elbow

What’s green?

Carpus

What’s pink?

Stifle (knee)

What’s yellow?

Tarsus

What’s blue?

Hip

5 core imaging techs

Radiography, ultrasounds, nuclear medicine, CT scans, MRI, PET

CT is for _____ and is more ______.

internal, expensive

A ______ _____ shows the whole body in layers while an ___-____ shows the body in a few or one image.

CT scan, x-ray

Types of imaging (3)

Structural, functional, molecular

Structural imaging

Provides images depicting morphology

Functional imaging

Makes images depicting blood flow, neuronal activity, and glomerular filtration rate

Molecular imaging

Depicts activity of specific molecules (e. proteins), especially subcellular processes (e. apoptosis)

X-ray bean orientation can be _____ or ______.

perpendicular or parallel (horizontal)

Vertical aquisition

X-ray over person/small animal

Horizontal aquisition

X-ray to the side of a person/large animal

_____ amases different distributions in both vertical and horizontal aquisitions.

Gravity

Magnification

Refers to enlargement of image, but needs to be close to detector or will be fuzzy, and image doesn’t represnet true size

Distortion

When image misrepresents true shape/position of object, due to unequal magnification of different parts of the same objectThis can occur from various factors such as angle of imaging and distance from the detector, leading to inaccuracies in representation

______ ______ ______ is crucial for preventing magnification and distortion.

Standardized patient positioning (but position might be too painful)

Temporal requirements

Thoracic radiographs, or peak inhilation

Projection

How the x-ray beams from the machine when shot through the body to create image —→ described by direction from point of entrance to point of exit

DV

Dorsoventral thoracic radiographs —> 1st entered the dorsal aspect of the thorax and exited the ventral aspect

On VD or DV radiographs

"L" or "R" marker indicates the left or right side of the patient.

On lateral radiographs

"L" or "R" marker indicates whether the patient was lying left-side down or right-side down.

Radiographs of the limbs

"L" and "R" markers indicate that the left or right limb was imaged

Lateral radiographs (right or left, RLAT or LLAT) of any body part should be viewed with the cranial (or rostral, depending on where the image is being taken) aspect of the animal to the viewer's _____.

left

Ventrodorsal (VD) or dorsoventral (DV) radiographs of the head, neck or trunk should be placed with the cranial (or rostral) part of the animal pointing up. The ____ side of the animal should be on the viewer's ____, as would be the case if you were standing face-to-face with another person.

left, right

Transverse cross-sectional scans of the head, neck, or back should be placed with the ______ part of the animal pointing up, and with the left side of the animal to the viewer's ______. This is like looking at the animal while standing in front of it.

dorsal, right

Radiographs of the limb should be viewed with the proximal end of the extremity at the top, and the ______ (or dorsal) side to the ____. There is no convention regarding whether the medial or lateral side of the extremity is placed at the viewer's right or left.

cranial, left

X-rays are flipped so two x-rays on each side look the same orientation, _____ vs. _____.

left, right

3 types of info received in an image

• Temporal resolution

• Spatial resolution

• Contrast resolution

Temporal resolution def

Precision of an observation or measurement with respect to time (e. the heart pumping and getting bigger vs. smaller)

Moving structures are harder to _______.

measure (e. the backwards wheel)

Spatial resolution def

Our ability to distinguish two points close together as separate (to see fine anatomic detail); on PACS the zoom function helps you make use of all spatial resolution originally required

Contrast resolution

Ability to distinguish between different tissues based on differences in energy intensity in image (high-diff colors vs. low-similar colors contrast)

Ideal resolution

Perfect temporal, spatial, and contrast resolution (situation specific); NEEDED for surgery to obtain precise images.

Multimodel imaging

To provide for information than individual modalities can give

Standard conventions (“hanging protocols")

To ensure consistent image interpretation and comparison across different imaging studies. These protocols dictate how images are arranged and displayed.

Most radiographs ______ displayed in their entirety at full spatial resolution since they would not fit on the monitor.

aren’t