The Immune System - Kinesiology - Trimester 3

What does the immune system do?

Removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens.

What are lymphocytes?

White blood cells (WBC) that fight pathogens.

What happens to lymphocytes when pathogens enter the body?

They multiply

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

B cell and Helper T cell

What are B cells?

White blood cells that produce antibodies.

What are Helper T cells?

White blood cells that signals B cells to produce antibodies.

What is a Macrophage?

White blood cells surrounds and destroys pathogens.

What does Macro mean?

Big, large

What is an antibody?

Protein that helps fight infections.

What are antibodies filtered and removed by?

They are filtered through lymph nodes and removed by the spleen.

What is Immunity?

Your body's ability to destroy pathogens that it has previously encountered before the pathogens are able to cause disease.

What are the 2 types of immunity?

Passive and Active

What is Passive immunity?

Results from introducing antibodies into a person's blood stream. Short term and when the risk of developing a disease is immediate. Provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore, the patient is at risk of being infected by the same pathogen later.

What are the two types of passive immunity?

Natural and Artificial

What is an example of Natural passive immunity?

Mother to fetus

What is an example of Artificial passive immunity?

Flu shot

What is Active immunity?

Resistance to diseases due to the presence or antibodies. May result from exposure to disease (i.e. chickenpox) or from a vaccine. Active immunity lasts for a long time, maybe even life long. Immunity is not immediate. a time lapse occurs for it's development.

What are the 2 types of active immunity?

Natural and Artificial

What is Active Natural immunity?

Occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory.

What is Active Artificial immunity?

Vaccines

What are vaccines?

Dead or weakened pathogens are injected or orally introduced to the body (i.e. measles, mumps, polio, hepatitis, chickenpox, etc.)

What are the three parts of the Epidemiological Model?

Host, Environment, and Agent

What is the host?

Recipient of the diasease.

What is the agent?

Mechanism through which the disease is transferred to the host. The type of pathogen that causes the disease

What is the environment?

The external conditions that allows the disease agent to function. (i.e. indoors, swimming pools, wrestling mats, etc.)

What is another name for communicable dieasea?

Infectious disease

What is a communicable or infectious disease?

An illness caused by a pathogen that can be spread from one living thing to another.

What are the types of pathogens that cause the disease?

Virus, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoans

What is a virus?

- Smallest known pathogen

- Takes over cell and rapidly multiplies

- Common cold, mumps, hepatitis, mono., HIV, etc.

What is bacteria?

- Singe-cell microorganisms that release toxins

- Live in air, soil, food, and in plants and animals

- A bacteria found in soil and on objects produces a toxin that causes tetanus.

- STD's, strep throat, tuberculosis, etc.

What is fungi?

- Small, simple organisms related to molds

- Grow best in warm, dark, moist areas

- Athletes foot, ringworm, and jock itch

What is a protozoan?

- Single-cell organisms that are hundreds of times larger and more complex structure than bacteria.

- They have the ability to move through fluids

- Examples include malaria

What are the three ways that diseases are spread?

Direct, Indirect, and Airborne transmission

How are pathogens transmitted through direct contact with an infected person?

Touching, biting, kissing, and sexual contact.

How are pathogens transmitted through puncture wounds (direct contact)?

A person can get tetanus from stepping on a rusty nail.

How are pathogens transmitted through childbirth (direct contact)?

A pregnant woman may transmit an infection to her unborn child through the placenta.

How are pathogens transmitted through contact with infected animals (direct contact)?

Animal bites and scratches can sometimes transmit disease.

True or False: You don't have to be in direct contact with a person to become infected.

True!

How are pathogens transmitted through contaminated objects (indirect contact)?

If you touch a contaminated object you could pick up pathogens (ex. touching a doorknob).

How are pathogens transmitted through Vectors (indirect contact)?

An organism that carries and transmits pathogens to human or other animals.

What are some common vectors?

Flies, mosquitos, and ticks.

What are some diseases from vectors?

Malaria, West Nile virus, Lyme disease.

How are pathogens transmitted through contaminated food and water (indirect contact)?

Eating food or drinking something that is contaminated with the disease.

How are diseases spread through airborne transmission?

When an infected person sneezes or coughs, pathogen are released into the air as tiny droplets that can travel as far as 10 feet.

Even after the pathogen droplets evaporate, what happens?

Pathogens may float on dust particles until they are inhaled.

What else is small enough to spread through airborne transmission?

Fungal spores

What are some examples of diseases spread by airborne transmission?

Chicken pox, TB (Tuberculosis), Influenza (Flu), and Covid (Corona Virus).

How can you prevent the spread of pathogens?

- Avoid being around people with contagious diseases.

- Stay home from school if you are contagious.

- Drink pure water.

- Avoid behaviors that put you are risk for spreading infections.

- Follow precautions to prevent food-borne illnesses.

- Cover your mouth when coughing and sneezing.

- Get appropriate vaccines.

- Wash hands with soap and water after blowing your nose or using the restroom.

- Throughly cook foods before eating them.

What are the 3 levels of disease prevention?

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

What is another name for Primary disease prevention?

Preventative

What is another name for secondary disease prevention?

Intervention

What is another name for Tertiary disease prevention?

Therapeutic

What is Primary (preventative) disease prevention?

Education or risk factor reduction activities, for people who do not currently have the disease.

What is an example of Primary (preventative) disease prevention?

Good nutrition and fitness.

What is Secondary (intervention) disease prevention?

Research on a disease prior to developing it.

What is an example of Secondary (intervention) disease prevention?

Cholesterol test and BP (blood pressure) screening.

What is Tertiary (therapeutic) disease prevention?

An agent that is administered to the hosts to possibly enhance the healing process in a person who already has the disease.

What is an example of Tertiary (therapeutic) disease prevention?

Chemotherapy and physical therapy.

Which of the following is considered an infectious disease?

Influenza

What type of organism causes strep throat?

Bacterium

How are most colds and flu viruses transmitted?

Through the air by coughing or sneezing

Which of the following is a viral infection?

HIV/AIDS

What is the primary way vaccines help prevent infectious diseases?

They help the immune system recognize pathogens

Which of these diseases is transmitted by mosquitoes?

West Nile Virus

Which body system is most directly involved in fighting infectious diseases?

Immune System

What is antibiotic resistance?

When bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatment

Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent the spread of infectious diseases?

Sharing personal items

Which pathogen is responsible for COVID-19?

Coronavirus

The flu shot helps protect against which disease?

Influenza

Which of the following is caused by a fungus?

Athlete's foot

What is a vector in terms of disease transmission?

A host that spreads disease

Which of these is a symptom of an infectious disease?

Rash and fever

Which of the following is true about passive immunity?

It provides immediate protection but does not last long.

Which of the following is an example of artificial passive immunity?

An individual receiving a flu vaccine.

Which type of immunity is generated by the body's immune response to a vaccine?

Active immunity

A mosquito transmitting malaria is an example of what kind of transmission?

Correct answer:

Vector-bourne transmission

Which of the following is considered an agent in the epidemiologic triad?

Salmonella bacteria

Which of the following is considered a form of primary prevention?

Vaccination