[PHA 619 LAB] Prep 24-25 - Non-Aqueous Liquid: Tinctures and Liniments

These are products prepared by extraction of drug with suitable solvent.

Extractives

It is the process of removing active constituents of a crude drug by means of a suitable solvent.

Extraction

What are five types of extraction process?

- Percolation

- Maceration

- Digestion

- Infusion

- Decoction

It is an extraction process involving a slow passage of suitable solvent through a column of drug. It is the downward movement of liquid slowly passing through filter.

Percolation

It is an extraction process by submerging the solute in a suitable menstruum. It is used for heat-sensitive (thermolabile) extracts that heat cannot destroy.

Maceration

- ex. starch and pectin

It is an extraction process performed with the aid of gentle heat during submerging or immersion of sample into the solvent.

Digestion

It is an extraction process done with the addition of hot water, typically from 97-98 C.

Infusion

Infusion is also called as?

Blanching

It is an extraction process by boiling the crude drug with the menstruum for 15 minutes.

Decoction

What are the three types of extractives?

- Extract

- Fluid Extract

- Tincture

It is the product prepared by the extraction of the drug with a suitable solvent. It is two to six times more potent than the crude drug.

Extract

What is the difference in potency of extracts compared to crude drugs?

2-6 times more potent than crude drugs

3 types of extracts

- Semi-liquids

- Plastic masses / Pilular extract / Solid extract

- Dry powders

Extract with a syrupy consistency prepared without the intention of removing all or most of the menstruum. Thus, only 20 mL of the solvent is left.

Semi-liquid

It is a solid extract with plastic masses. It has a plastic consistency and is prepared when nearly all menstruum or solvent evaporates.

Pilular

It is a powdered extract from starchy drugs.

Dry Powder

- ex. Cassava, Radish

Liquid preparations of vegetable drug (by percolation), containing alcohol as a solvent, in which each mL contains 1g of the crude drug.

Fluid Extract

Amount of tincture in fluid extract

100% tincture

Solvent used in fluid extract

Alcohol

Why are fluidextracts not good for self-administration?

They are too potent, which causes bitter taste.

These are added in fluid extract to mask the bitter taste.

Flavoring/sweetening agents

Fluidextracts are prepared by?

Percolation

What are the three processes during percolation of fluidextracts?

- Process A

- Process B

- Process E

Process of preparing fluidextracts wherein the extract is ready for assay

Process A

It is a process that determine/measure the amount of substance in a preparation.

Assay

Process of preparing fluidextracts wherein hot water is used as menstruum

Process B

Process of preparing fluidextracts that uses longer and narrower percolator; more extracts are collected.

Process E

These are alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable or animal drugs or chemical substances.

Tinctures

Potency of tinctures

10-20% (10-20 g/100 mL)

Alcohol content in tinctures

Less than 50%

What are the three methods of preparing tinctures?

- Simple Solution

- Percolation (Process P)

- Maceration (Process M)

Percolation of tinctures is also called as?

Process P

Maceration of tinctures is also called as?

Process M

Example of tincture prepared by simple solution

Iodine Tincture

Example of tincture prepared by percolation

Belladonna Tincture

Example of tincture prepared by maceration

Sweet Orange Peel Tincture

Tinctures are stored in? Why?

Tight, light-resistant container

- To avoid exposure to direct sunlight and excessive heat, which may evaporate the alcohol easily

Category of iodine tincture

Topical Tincture

Synonyms of iodine tincture

- Tincture of Iodine

- Tinctura Iodi

- Solutio Iodi

- Spiritucae Weak Solution of Iodine

Tincture that has a reddish brown color which produce stain on the skin

Iodine Tincture

Uses of iodine tincture

- Local anti-infective agent applied topically to the skin (in general household first-aid procedure)

- Germicide

- Fungicide

- Antiseptic

What is the use of sodium iodide in iodine tincture?

- Solubilizing agent

- Stabilizes the tincture

- Makes the tincture miscible with water in all portions

- Prevents the formation of ethyl iodide

Why is sodium iodide important in iodine tincture?

Reacting with iodine prevents I2 from reacting with ethyl alcohol and forming ethyl iodide, ethanol, and hydroiodic acid.

What happens if ethyl iodide is formed in the iodine tincture?

Ethyl iodide decreases the bacteriostatic activity of iodine..

What happens if hydroiodic acid is formed in the iodine tincture?

The solution would move to the wounds when applied.

It refers to the solvent used during extraction.

Menstruum

It refers to the substance that remains after processes such as combustion or evaporation.

Residue

It refers to the insoluble material after extraction.

Marc

(True/False) Stainless spatula or a metal spoon can be used when weighing iodine crystals.

False

- Porcelain spatula

Latin word for liniment and its meaning

Linere = to anoint

It is a solution or mixture of various substances in oil, alcoholic

solution of soap, or emulsion intended for external

application.

Liniments

Another term for liniments, which are liquids applied with friction and rubbing to the affected area.

Embrocation

These bases provide ease of application and massage in liniments.

Oil and soap base

Liniments are not applied to what conditions of the skin?

Broken or bruised

Liniments are stored in?

Tight containers

Examples of commercially-available liniments

- Omega Pain Killer

- Efficascent Oil

- White flower embrocation

- Pau liniment

- Bengay

What are the factors affecting the selection of vehicle in the preparation of liniments?

- Desired Action

2. Solubility of the components in various solvents

What are the two types of liniments according to vehicle used?

- Alcoholic liniments

- Oily liniments

Uses of alcoholic liniments

- Rubefacient

- Counterirritant

- Mild astringent

- Penetrating effect

Which of the alcoholic and oil liniment readily penetrates the skin more?

Alcoholic

It is a substance for topical application that produces redness on the skin due to dilation of the capillaries and an increase in blood circulation.

Rubefacient

It is a substance that produces irritation or discomfort, but will now divert attention from another. It is an agent applied locally (topical) to produce superficial inflammation with the object of reducing inflammation in deeper

adjacent structures.

Counterirritant

Type of liniment that penetrates the skin readily than oil base

Alcoholic liniments

Type of liniment that is milder in their action but are more useful when massage is desired. It uses oil as solvents, which may be fixed, volatile, or a combination of the two.

Oily liniments

Which of the alcoholic and oil liniment is less irritating to the skin?

Oily liniments

Use of oily liniments

- Protective coating

Solvent used in oily liniments that produce stain and does not evaporate easily

Fixed oils

Solvent used in oily liniments that easily evaporates; disappears after a drop in paper. It produces no stain.

Volatile oils

Examples of fixed oils

- Almond oil

- Peanut oil

- Sesame oil

- Cottonseed oil

Examples of volatile oils

- Wintergreen oil

- Turpentine oil

Category of camphorated soap liniment

Alcohol-based Liniment

Synonyms of camphorated soap liniment

- Linimentum camphores El saponis

- Soap Liniment

- Liquid Opadel doc

Desired description of camphorated soap liniment

Clear, colorless to yellow solution with the odor of camphor.

Uses of camphorated soap liniment

- Rubefacient.

- Counterirritant

- Has a better penetration

- Local anesthetic for sprain and rheumatism

Label used for camphorated soap liniment

Red label

Container used for camphorated soap liniment

30 mL flint bottle

Method of preparation used for camphorated soap liniment

Agitation without the aid of heat

Type of soap used in preparing liniments

Official hand soap

What will happen if the soap used in preparing liniments is made from animal oils?

Gelatinization