Speciation, Taxonomy, and Systematics

macroevolution

evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups of species

species

share a set of attributes in nature

speciation

mechanisms that accumulate microevolutionary changes to promote the formation of a new species

subspecies

2 or more geographically restricted groups of same species with 1 or more traits that are kinda different but not different enought to be its own species

ecotype

bacterial species are divided into different populations with diff traits to to geography

reproductive isolation

species don’t interbreed with other species

morphological species concept

species are defined by the different morphological features they possess

biological species concept

a group of individuals whose members cna interbreed with each other but not others

evolutionary lineage concept

species should be defined based on their unique evolution of lineages

lineage

a particular line of descent

ecological species concept

each species occupies an ecological niche, the unique set of habitat resources that a species needs

general lineage concept

each species in a population of an independently evolving lineage and has evolved from a specific series of ancestors and, as a consequence forms a group of organisms with a set of characteristics

prezygotic isolation

prevents the formation of zygote

postzygotic isolation

blocks development of viable and fertile individual after fertilization, think of sterile hybrids or hybrids with abnormalities

allopatric speciation

a population becomes isolated from other populations and evolve into 1 or more species, could be from geological change

adaptive radiation

single ancestoral species has evolved into a wide array of descendent species that differ

sympatric speciation

members of a species within the same species diverge into 2 or more species even though there are no physical barriers to interbreeding

polyploidy

organism has 2+ sets of chromosome; causes immediate reproductive isolation

alloploidy

organism with at least one set of chromosomes from 2 or more different species

gradualism

each new speceis evolved continuously over long spans of time

punctuated equilibrium

tempo of evolution is more sporatic, may go unchanged for many generations

taxonomy

science of describing, naming and classifying species

systematics

study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among species

taxon/taxa

each grouping of taxonomy (ex: domain, kingdom, genus, orders, classes, etc)

binomial nomenclature

the standard format for naming species (genus name + unique epithet)

phylogeny/phylogenic tree

the evolutionary history of a species

anagenesis

single species evolves into a different species

cladogenesis

species diverges into 2 or more species

node

each branch/breaking point of a phylogeny

clade

common ancestral species and all of its descendant species

monophyletic group

taxon that is a clade, all ancestors included

paraphyletic group

common ancestor and some but not all descendents

polyphyletic group

members of several evolutionary lines are included without common ancestors of other lines

homology

similarity due to descent from common ancestor

cladistics

classification of species based on evolutionary relationships

shared ancestral character (symplesmorphy)

character that is shared be 2+ diff taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor

shared derived character (synapomorphy)

character shared by 2 or more species or taxa and originated in their most recent common ancestor

ingroup

group whose evolutionary relationship we wish to understand

outgroup

species or group of species that is assumed to have diverged before species in the ingroup (least related)

parsimony

the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all characters and states

molecular clock

neutral mutations occur at constant rate and can be used to measure evolutionary time

horizontal gene transfer

organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being an offspring

What type of organisms may hybridization be more common in

in species that are close in proximity and can interbreed with one another. It is also more common in plants because of how they are pollinated