radiology procedures bony anatomy exam one

anatomy

The study of structure and forms in the body

phyisology

The study of function or behavior of organs or other structures of the body

metabolism

chemical changes in the cell

histology

the study of structure of minute parts (not visible to the eye)

pathology

study of disease

anatomical position

upright, feet parallel, eyes and palms forward

medial

close to midline

lateral

away from the midline

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of body

ventral

front of body

dorsal

back of body

superior

upper portion or towards the head

inferior

Below or lower in position

cephalad

toward the head

caudad

towards feet

proximal

closer to the point of origin (the trunk)

distal

away from the point of origin (the trunk)

supine

laying down face up/palm up

prone

laying down face down/palm down; on stomach

longitudinal plane (vertical)

plane that divides vertically

transverse plane (horizontal)

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

central

center of the body

peripheral

away from the center

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

internal

turned in

external

turned out

palmar

palm

planter

bottom of foot

volar

either/or

midsagittal or median plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

sagittal plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions. (parallel to the median plane)

coronal plane

divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)

subcostal plane

horizontal plane that passes below 10th rib

adduct

move toward midline

abduct

away from midline

circumduct

act of moving a limb in a circular motion

flex

bend

extend

to straighten

invert

turn towards midline

evert

turn away from midline

pronation

turning the palm downward

supination

movement that turns the palm up

rotate

to turn

a, an

without (ex: anemia)

amphi

both sides (amphibian)

bi, bis

two ex: bicycle

contra

against ex: contraband

ecto

outside ex: ectopic pregnancy

endo

inside; ex: endoparasite

epi

upon ex: epidermis

hemi

half ex: hemisphere

hydro

water

hyper

over ex: hypertension

hypo

under ex: hypotension

intra

within ex: intracellular

infra

below ex: infracostal

inter

between intercostal

peri

around ex: periosteum

pre

before

pseudo

false

sub

below

super

above

syn

together ex. synthesis

trans

cross; transverse

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone; place of attachment for tendon and ligaments

cortex

compact bone surrounding the medulla and adjacent to periosteum

cancellous bone

spongy bone

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone

medulla

central cavity in shaft of long bone; contains bone marrow

endosteum

thin connective tissue that lines the marrow cavity

articular cartilage

covers external surface of end of bone, provides smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joints

lamellae

Layers of bone matrix; circles around the osteonic canals

Osteonic canals

longitudinal tubes that transmit blood vessels and nerves

Launae

small cavities that contain osteocytes

Osteocytes

bone cells in the launae

Canaliculi

a small channel or duct.

Red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis; mostly found in children and infants to help bones grow

Yellow bone marrow

replaces the red bone marrow in adult bones

nutrient foraman

small canal passing through the periosteum and other layers to get into the medulla

Haversian canal

small blood vessel that penetrate the compact bone

Volkmann's canals

connect Haversian canals

diploe

is the spongy layer between the cortex in the skull

ossification

process of bone formation

endochondral ossification

cartilage is replaced by bone

intramembranous ossification

fibrous membrane is replaced

primary center of ossification (diaphysis)

occurs in the diaphysis

secondary center of ossification (epiphysis)

occurs in the epiphysis or processes of the long bone

epiphyseal line

layer of cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis

metaphysis

part of diaphysis next to an epiphyseal line

the bone age of children is determined by what?

epiphysis

fontanels

fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones at birth

fibrous (synarthrose)

no movement. example: sutures in the brain

cartilaginous (amphiarthorsis) joints

pad of fibrocartilage between two bones. limited movement. example: pubis symphysis

synovial (diarthosis)

free movement

types of synovial joints

1. saddle

2. hinge

3. ball and socket

4. gliding

5. condylar

6. hinge

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

articular capsule

Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint

synovial joint cavity

Cavity Between Bones; lined with synovial membrane