ch 1 fundamentals of nursing
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213 Terms
What does the word nursing come from?
Latin word nutrire, meaning to nourish, feed, foster, or support.
How was nursing practiced in early history?
Without organized knowledge or regulation; care was based on tradition and experience.
What factors influenced the development of nursing?
Methods of caring for the sick, environment, education, preventive care, and technology.
How was illness viewed in primitive societies?
As punishment from divine forces or caused by evil spirits.
Who were medicine men?
Healers who used rituals, chants, charms, masks, odors, and sacrifices to treat illness.
What treatments were used in primitive medicine?
Purgatives, emetics, hot and cold applications, cautery, cupping, and massage.
What was women's primary healthcare role in early civilizations?
Assisting with childbirth.
What were hospitals called in the early 1800s?
Pesthouses.
Why were early hospitals dangerous?
They were overcrowded, unsanitary, and had high infection and mortality rates.
Who often served as nurses before nursing became professional?
Heavy drinkers, prostitutes, inmates, and some religious orders.
Who founded the Lutheran Order of Deaconesses?
Theodor Fliedner.
Where was the first formal nursing school established?
Kaiserswerth, Germany.
Who trained at Kaiserswerth?
Florence Nightingale.
Who was Florence Nightingale?
The founder of modern nursing and the first nursing theorist.
What year did Florence Nightingale begin training at Kaiserswerth?
1851.
How old was Florence Nightingale when she entered nursing school?
31 years old.
What position did Florence Nightingale hold in 1853?
Superintendent of a charity hospital in London.
What war made Florence Nightingale famous?
The Crimean War.
Why were many soldiers dying during the Crimean War?
Poor sanitation, infections, and overcrowding.
How many nurses accompanied Florence Nightingale to Scutari?
38 nurses.
What changes did Nightingale make in military hospitals?
Improved sanitation, ventilation, cleanliness, and laundry.
What happened to mortality rates after Nightingale's reforms?
Dropped dramatically from about 60% to less than 2%.
Why was Florence Nightingale called the "Lady with the Lamp"?
She made nightly rounds checking on patients while carrying a lamp.
Why is Florence Nightingale called the first nursing theorist?
She connected environment and cleanliness with patient health.
What symbol represents Florence Nightingale's legacy?
The nursing lamp.
How was nursing practiced before Nightingale?
It was unregulated and based on trial and error.
What major reform did Florence Nightingale establish in 1860?
The Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas Hospital.
Why was Nightingale's nursing school unique?
It focused on education rather than hospital labor.
What admission qualities did Nightingale require?
Good character, commitment, and intellect.
How long was Nightingale's nursing program?
One year.
What was the Nightingale Plan?
A system of student records and formal nursing education.
Why were graduates listed in a register?
To promote professional accountability.
What improvements did Nightingale-trained nurses emphasize?
Hygiene, sanitation, observation, record keeping, nutrition, and new medical equipment.
Why did Nightingale-trained nurses become highly respected?
They greatly improved patient outcomes.
How did the American Revolution and Civil War affect nursing?
High casualties, poor care, and nurse shortages increased the need for trained nurses.
Who brought the Nightingale model to the United States?
Theodor Fliedner and four deaconesses.
What hospital did Fliedner help establish in the United States?
Pittsburgh Infirmary (now Passavant Hospital).
What did the Nightingale model emphasize?
Hygiene, patient observation, and structured nurse training.
What organization urged hospitals to establish nursing schools in 1869?
The American Medical Association (AMA).
What three nursing schools opened in 1873?
Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, Connecticut Training School, and Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Who were Isabel Hampton Robb and Lavinia Dock?
Nursing leaders who advanced nursing education.
What organization did Robb and Dock found in 1893?
American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools of Nursing.
What was the goal of the American Society of Superintendents?
To establish educational standards for nurses.
What was the first professional nursing organization in the United States?
American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools of Nursing.
What were alumnae associations?
Groups formed by nursing graduates to establish local standards.
Why was nursing education inconsistent before licensure?
Schools had different curricula, program lengths, and competency requirements.
Which four states first required nursing licensure in 1903?
North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia.
Why was nursing licensure established?
To ensure minimum competency and protect patient safety.
What did the American Society of Superintendents become in 1911?
National League for Nursing Education (NLNE).
What was the NLNE's first major accomplishment?
Developing the first nursing curriculum plan.
Why was a standard curriculum important?
It ensured consistent nursing education nationwide.
Why did the United States need more nurses during World War I?
The U.S. entered the war in 1917 and needed nurses to care for soldiers.
What qualifications were required for the Army and Navy Nurse Corps?
Good moral character and nursing qualifications.
Why was the Army School of Nursing created?
To train more nurses during World War I.
Approximately how many women served in the Nurse Corps during World War I?
Over 20,000 women.
What happened to many nurses after World War I?
They returned home to low-paying civilian nursing jobs.
Why did World War II increase the demand for nurses?
More trained nurses were needed to care for military personnel.
What was the Cadet Nurse Corps?
A federally funded accelerated nursing education program during World War II.
Who could enroll in the Cadet Nurse Corps?
Both women and men.
Why did many nurses remain in military service after World War II?
Better pay, prestige, and career advancement.
What challenges did civilian nurses face after World War II?
Low pay, long shifts, and poor working conditions.
Why was there a need for national nursing standards after World War II?
State licensure exams varied greatly.
How has healthcare changed over time?
It shifted from caring only for the sick to a profit-driven industry.
What specialized nursing roles developed?
Nurse practitioners, nurse anesthetists, and nurse midwives.
Who recommended the bachelor's degree as the minimum education for professional nurses in 1903?
Isabel Robb and Mary Adelaide Nutting.
What did the ANA recommend in 1965?
Nursing education should move from hospitals to colleges and universities.
Where are nursing programs offered today?
Technical schools, colleges, universities, and some high schools.
What was the title of the 2010 Institute of Medicine report?
The Future of Nursing.
What percentage of nurses did the IOM recommend should have BSN degrees?
80%.
What educational pathway did the IOM encourage?
UAP → LPN/LVN → RN → BSN.
How did the percentage of BSN-prepared nurses change from 2010 to 2017?
Increased from 49% to 56%.
What did the NLN recognize in its 2014 position paper?
LPN/LVNs are vital members of the healthcare team.
What did the NLN encourage for LPN/LVNs?
Support for entry into practice, acute care training, long-term care training, and educational advancement.
Where are most LPN/LVN programs located?
The Southern United States.
What expanded responsibilities do nurses have today?
Managing increasingly complex patient conditions and treatments.
What are modern challenges in nursing education?
Healthcare reform, scope of practice, high-stakes testing, academic progression, faculty shortages, and diversity.
Why were nursing caps discontinued?
They were impractical, difficult to keep clean, and more men entered nursing.
What replaced traditional nursing uniforms?
Scrubs.
Why are ID badges important?
They identify healthcare workers and promote professionalism.
What does the pinning ceremony symbolize?
Completion of nursing education and entry into the profession.
Where did the pinning ceremony originate?
Bellevue Hospital in 1880.
Does the pinning ceremony provide licensure?
No, it is symbolic only.
What were 16 of the Healthy People 2020 objectives focused on?
Improving the health of women and girls.
How do nurses promote women's health?
By encouraging autonomy, patient empowerment, and ownership of health.
How did the women's movement influence nursing?
It promoted equal rights, greater responsibility, and professional recognition for nurses.
How did Florence Nightingale influence men's role in nursing?
Nursing became viewed primarily as women's work after her era.
What barriers do men in nursing face?
Stereotypes, lack of support, few male role models, and higher attrition.
What percentage of RNs are minorities?
About 19%.
What percentage of LPN/LVNs are minorities?
About 29%.
What is the average age of LPN/LVNs?
About 52 years old.
Why is diversity important in nursing?
It improves cultural competence and patient outcomes.
What does nursing advocacy promote?
The rights, dignity, and respect of every patient.
Which patient groups have specific Bills of Rights?
Hospitalized patients, terminally ill patients, older adults, and pregnant women.
What socioeconomic factors increase the demand for healthcare?
Unemployment, homelessness, and poverty.
Approximately what percentage of the U.S. GDP is spent on healthcare?
About 18%.
How many Americans were uninsured in 2018?
About 27.5 million people.
Where are uninsured rates generally highest?
Southern states.
What barriers limit access to healthcare?
Mental health services and rural healthcare shortages.
How do nurses improve access to care?
Health promotion, illness prevention, and community-based services.
Why are advanced practice nurses important?
They provide care to underserved populations.