SCIENCE

Solid

Definite shape and volume, particles tightly packed.

Liquid

Definite volume but takes shape of container, particles close but can move past each other.

Gas

No definite shape or volume, particles far apart and move freely

Matter

______ is composed of particles (atoms or molecules) in constant motion.

elastic collisions

Collisions between gas particles and container walls are __________. An ___________ is a collision between two objects where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

Ideal Gas

_______: Follows kinetic molecular theory perfectly, no volume for particles, no intermolecular forces, described by PV = nRT

Real Gas

_________: Deviates from ideal behavior, has volume for particles, experiences intermolecular forces, described by equations like Van der Waals equation.

Pressure

The force exerted by gas particles per unit area.

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles. It determines the speed of gas particles, with higher temperatures corresponding to higher particle speeds.

Volume

The space occupied by the gas. It can change depending on the container size and shape.

Amount of Gas in Moles

A unit used to measure the amount of substance, specifically the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in a sample. It is measured in moles (mol)

Boyle's Law

___________ states that, at constant temperature, the pressure of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This means that as the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases, and vice versa.

Charles's Law

______________ states that, at constant pressure, the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. This means that as the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases proportionally, and vice versa

Gay-Lussac's Law

____________ states that, at constant volume, the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. This means that as the temperature of a gas increases, its pressure increases proportionally, and vice versa.

combined gas law

The ______________ combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws into a single expression, relating pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. It states that for a given amount of gas, the ratio of the initial pressure, volume, and temperature to the final pressure, volume, and temperature is constant

ideal gas law

The ____________ is a fundamental equation in thermodynamics that describes the behavior of an ideal gas under various conditions. It is expressed mathematically as PV=nRT.

Avogadro's Law

_____________ states that, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gasses contain an equal number of molecules

Chemical Reaction

______________ is the process that occurs when two or more molecules interact to form a new product. These chemical reactions are represented by a chemical equation, which consists of reactants and products

reactants

The __________ which are the starting materials are placed on the left side of the equation

products formed

the ____________  are placed on the right

Temperature change

A sign that a chemical change is occurring is when there is a noticeable change in the temperature during a chemical reaction

exothermic

In an ____________ reaction, heat is released to the surroundings

endothermic

in an _____________ reaction, heat is absorbed from the surroundings.

Color Change

A change in color of solutions is observed when a chemical reaction occurs due to the specific colors certain compounds produce in aqueous solutions.

Formation of Precipitate

Other chemical reactions result in the formation of a solid substance or precipitate

precipitate

A __________ is a solid that forms when two soluble substances in a solution react chemically to produce an insoluble product.

Formation of bubbles/ Gas Production

Some chemical reactions are accompanied by the release of diatomic molecules or compounds in the gaseous state

Synthesis or Combination

This type of reaction involves two or more reactants to form one product

Decomposition

Involves one reactant breaking down into two or more simpler products. Heat is usually needed for decomposition to occur. The symbol △ is used to denote heating.

Single Displacement

Reaction in which one element is substituted for another element in a compound.

Double Displacement or Metathesis

This type of reaction involves two ionic compounds that are exchanging anions or cations.

Metabolism

Biochemical reactions involved in maintaining the living condition of the cells in an organism.

Catabolism

refers to the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. During _______ processes, large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy in the process

Anabolism

refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. It's the opposite of catabolism. During ________ processes, smaller molecules are combined to form larger, more complex molecules, consuming energy in the process

chemical equation

A __________ is a written representation of a chemical reaction.