MCAT Biology Comprehensive

The nucleoid region is found in ____ and contains ____

prokaryotes; DNA

The nucleolus makes ____

ribosomes

Peroxisomes ____ material

break down

The ____ ER makes proteins from mRNA

rough

The ____ ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation

smooth

The ____ modifies and distributes proteins

Golgi Apparatus

In the Vesicular Transport Model; the cis-; medial-; and trans-Golgi cisternae are ____ structures

static

In the Cisternal Maturation Model; cisternae ____

evolve and mature

____ are the demolition and recycling center

Lysosomes

Centrioles contain 9 groups of ____ and they pull ____ apart

microtubules; chromosomes

A/an ____ is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate from chromosomal DNA

plasmid

Microfilaments make up part of the cell's ____

cytoskeleton

Microtubules help the cell ____ compression forces

resist

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

simple squamous

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

simple cuboidal

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

simple columnar

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

pseudostratified columnar

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

stratified squamous

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

stratified cuboidal

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

stratified columnar

This is an example of ____ epithelial tissue

transitional

Bone; cartilage; tendon; and blood are examples of ____ tissue

connective

Epithelial tissue covers ____ and ____ surfaces of the body

internal; external

This is an example of ____ bacteria

bacilli (rod)

This is an example of ____ bacteria

cocci (sphere)

This is an example of ____ bacteria

spirilla (spiral)

____ require O2

Obligate aerobes

____ die in O2

Obligate anaerobes

____ toggle between aerobic and anaerobic

Facultative anaerobes

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____ do not use O2 but tolerate it

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Gram + is ____ and has a ____ wall

purple; thick

Gram - is ____ and has a ____ wall

pink / red; thin

____ is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment

Transformation

Conjugation is the transfer genetic info via a/an ____

conjugation bridge

____ is the transfer genetic material using a bacteriophage

Transduction

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____ are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome

Transposons

In eukaryotes; the electron transport chain takes place in the ____

inner mitochondrial membrane

In prokaryotes; the electron transport chain takes place in the ____

cell membrane

Eukaryotic cells reproduce via ____

mitosis

Prokaryotic cells reproduce via ____

binary fission

____ are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding

Prions

____ are plant pathogens

Viroids

____ are bacteria viruses that use a tail sheath to inject DNA / RNA

Bacteriophages

A/an ____ is the protein shell of a virus

capsid

____ are individual virus particles that are found extracellular

Virions

____ genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded

Viral

Retroviruses are single stranded ____

RNA

In a ____ bacteriophage life cycle; virions are made until the cell lyses

lytic

During the ____; cells synthesize mRNA and proteins

G1 phase

A cell will enter ____ if it does not need to divide

G0 phase

At the ____ checkpoint; cells choose whether or not to divide

G1

DNA is replicated in the ____

S phase

In the ____; cells grow and make organelles

G2 phase

At the ____ checkpoint; the cell will check that the DNA has replicated correctly

G2

Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in the ____

M phase

The four phases of Mitosis:________________

Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; Telophase

Interphase includes ____

G1; S; and G2 phases

In ____; the DNA condenses; centrioles migrate to opposite poles; and microtubules form

prophase

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In ____; chromosomes meet in middle of the cell

metaphase

In ____; sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

anaphase

In ____; chromosomes decondense; the nuclear membrane forms; and cytokinesis occurs

telophase

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the ____ of a cell

ploidy

The phases of meiosis:____

Prophase IMetaphase IAnaphase ITelophase IProphase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II

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____ is when sister chromatids don't separate properly during anaphase

Nondisjunction

____ is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair exchange segments with each other

Crossing over

Crossing over occurs in ____

prophase I

____ states that two alleles of each gene become separated and only one allele from each parent will be passed to the offspring

The law of segregation

The law of segregation occurs in ____

anaphase I

Female chromosome pairs are ____

XX

Male chromosome pairs are ____

XY

____ refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome

X-linked recessive inheritance

In males with an X-linked recessive mutation; the mutation ____ be expressed

will

In females with an X-linked recessive mutation; the mutation ____ be expressed

will not

The ____ is responsible for initiation of male sex determination and codes for testicles

SRY gene

Semen is a combination of ____ and ____

sperm; seminal fluid

The ____ makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra

bulbourethral gland

____ and the ____ make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

Seminal vesicles; prostate gland

Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:____

SEVE(N) UP mnemonic

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The ____ have follicles that produce ova

ovaries

____ is the production of female gametes

Oogenesis

____ develops the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall

Estrogen

____ maintains and protects the endometrium

Progesterone

Female egg pathway:____

____ induces ovulation in females and; in males; it initiates the production of testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ____ and ____

FSH; LH

Fertilization occurs in the ____

fallopian tube

A/an ____ is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum

morula

A/an ____ is a hollow sphere of cells; referred to as blastomeres that implants in the endometrial lining

blastula

____ develops into the nervous system; skin; hair; nails; mouth; and anus

Ectoderm

____ develops into muscoskeleton; circulatory system; gonads; and adrenal cortex

Mesoderm

____ develops into the GI tract; respiratory tract; endocrine glands; bronchi; bladder; and stomach

Endoderm

The CNS and PNS derive from the ____

ectoderm

____ stem cells have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body

Totipotent

____ stem cells can be any cell except those found in placental structures

Pluripotent

____ stem cells can develop into multiple specialized cell types

Multipotent