Biology Chapter 8 Respiratory system in animals and humans

What is the general characteristics of respiratory system to adapt maximum gaseous exchange?

-Large ratio of total surface area against volume/Numerous in numbers

-Moist

-One cell thick

-Covered with network of blood capillaries

What is the respiratory structure of insects?

Tracheole

what is the characteristics of respiratory system of insect to adapt maximum gaseous exchange

-Numerous in numbers

-moist

-one cell thick

What is the respiratory structure of fish?

Gill filament/ Gill lamellae

what is the characteristics of respiratory system of fish to adapt maximum gaseous exchange

-Numerous in numbers

-Moist

-One cell thick

-Covered with network of blood capillaries

What is the respiratory structure of a frog?

Skin and lungs

what is the characteristics of respiratory system of frogs to adapt maximum gaseous exchange

Skin - Moist, one cell thick, covered with blood capillaries

Lungs - Folded, one cell thick, covered with network of blood capillaries, Moist

What is the respiratory structure of humans?

Alveolus

what is the characteristics of respiratory system of human to adapt maximum gaseous exchange

-Moist

-Numerous in numbers

-One cell thick

-Covered with network of blood capillaries

Explain the inhale and exhale process of an insects.

When inhaling, the abdominal muscle relaxes, air pressure in the trachea reduces, air enters the trachea through the spiracles. When exhaling, the abdominal muscle contracts, air pressure is increased in the trachea, air is pushed out from the trachea

Explain the inhale and exhale process of a frog.

When inhaling, the mouth and glottis closes, nostrils open, the floor of buccopharyngeal lowers. This decreases the air pressure in the buccopharyngeal cavity and air enters the buccopharyngeal cavity through the nostrils. Then the nostrils closes and glottis opens, the floor of buccopharyngeal raises, this increases the pressure in the buccopharyngeal cavity and air enters the lungs.

When exhaling, the glottis opens, floor of buccopharyngeal lowers and lungs contracts, this increase the pressure in the lungs and air is pushed into the buccopharyngeal cavity. The glottis closes and nostrils opens, the floor of buccopharyngeal raises, this increases the pressure in buccopharyngeal cavity and air is pushed out through the nostrils.

Explain the inhale and exhale process of fish

When inhaling, the mouth opens and operculum closes, the floor of buccal lowers and operculum cavity enlarges. This reduces the pressure in the buccal cavity and oxygenated water enters the buccal cavity.

When exhaling, the mouth closes, operculum opens, floor of buccal raises, operculum cavity shrinks. This increase the pressure in buccal cavity and oxygenated blood flow to the gill lamellae to undergo gaseous exchange. The deoxygenated blood then flows out through the operculum opening.

Explain the inhale and exhale process of humans.

When inhaling, the internal intercostal muscle relaxes and external intercostal muscle contracts. The ribcage moves upwards and outwards. The diaphragm muscle contracts and diaphragm lies and flatten. The volume of thorax cavity is increased and pressure is decreased. Air enters the lungs

When exhaling, the external intercostal muscle relaxes and internal intercostal muscle contracts. The ribcage moves downwards and inwards. The diaphragm muscle relaxes and diaphragm raise and curves upwards. The volume of thorax cavity is decreased and pressure is increases. Air is pushed out from the lungs

Explain the gaseous exchange when blood enters the lung capillaries, pulmonary vein, tissue capillaries, pulmonary artery by using partial pressure.

When deoxygenated blood enters the lung capillaries through pulmonary artery, the blood have a low partial pressure of oxygen and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The alveolus have a high partial pressure of oxygen and low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood in lung capillaries to the alveolus and oxygen from the alveolus diffuses into the blood of lung capillaries through diffusion. The oxygen bounds with the haemoglobin in the erythrocytes forming oxyhaemoglobin. The blood will flow into the pulmonary veins.

The pulmonary veins have blood with high partial pressure of oxygen and low partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

The cells at the tissue capillaries have low partial pressure of oxygen and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to cellular respiration. When the oxygenated blood reaches the tissue capillaries, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociates and oxygen diffuse into the cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out from the cells into the oxygenated blood. The blood becomes deoxygenated and flow to the pulmonary artery.

The pulmonary artery have blood with low partial pressure of oxygen and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide and flows into the lung capillaries and the cycle begins.

State the three ways of carbon dioxide is transported in the body

-Bicarbonate ions

-Carboxyhaemoglobin

-Dissolved in the plasma

Explain the process of carbon dioxide transporting from the cells to the lungs.

-Cells releases carbon dioxide to the capillaries due to cellular respiration, carbon dioxide reacts with the water inside erythrocytes forming carbonic acid, this process is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase enzymes. The carbonic acid will dissociates forming bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions, the bicarbonate ions will dissolve in the plasma and the hydrogen ions remain in the erythrocytes. When the plasma reaches the lung capillaries, the bicarbonate ions diffuses back into the erythrocytes and combine with the hydrogen ions forming carbonic acid. Then the carbonic acid breaks down into carbon dioxide and water and carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

What is the three Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases(COPD)?

Emphysema, Asthma, Chronic bronchitis

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a disease when the alveolus is damaged and swollen, reducing the total surface area that reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange.

What is chronic bronchitis?

Chronic bronchitis is a disease when the the bronchi is inflamed causing excessive mucus narrowing the airways, reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange.

What is asthma?

Asthma is a disease that the bronchiole is inflamed, narrowing the airways, reducing the efficiency of gaseous exchange.