APPP: L9 Hematopoietic System

What is the normal range of blood pH level?

7.35-7.45

How many litres of blood do males have?

5-6 L

How many litres of blood do females have?

4-5 L

What are the 3 major functions of blood?

Transportation and distribution, regulation and homeostasis, and protection and repair

Human blood is approximately 55% …

plasma

The cellular elements in blood make up the other 45%, where almost 95% of these are … that carry oxygen in blood

red blood cells/erythrocytes

About 5% of cellular elements are …, used for blood clotting

platelets

Much less than 1% of blood contains …, responsible for immune functions

white blood cells/leukocytes

Plasma is 90-92% …, 7% …, and <1% …

water, plasma proteins, dissolved materials

What are the kinds of plasma proteins?

Albumin and globulins

Name the order of the formed components in blood from smallest to largest

Platelets, erythrocytes, reticulocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

What are immature RBCs called?

Reticulocytes

How big are RBCs?

8 um across

Reticulocytes mature into the final RBCs after 1-2 days in the … circulation

peripheral

… are shedded fragments of a type of blood cells

Platelets

How big are platelets?

2-4 um across

How big are white blood cells?

9-12 um across

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

100-120 days

What is the lifespan of platelets?

5-10 days

What is the lifespan of monocytes?

Months

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

Hours to years

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

6 hours to a few days

What is the lifespan of eosinophils?

5-10 days

What is the lifespan of basophils?

A few hours to a few days

What is the shape of a RBC?

Anucleate biconcave disk

What are RBCs made of up?

Hemoglobin

% erythrocytes in whole blood = …

hematocrit

What is the hematocrit for women?

37-47%

What is the hematocrit for men?

42-52%

Why are RBCs a biconcave disk?

To achieve maximum surface area to cytoplasmic volume ratio

Each hemoglobin is made up of 4 protein helixes: … and … globin chains

2 alpha and 2 beta

Each globin chain carries a … molecule: consist of a porphyrin ring and a FE2+ core

heme

Oxygen binds to the heme molecule in one monomer induced conformational change in the other three molecules, leading to increase O2 affinity, this is called …

cooperative binding

About how many hemoglobins are in a single healthy erythrocyte?

300 million

What are the 4 factors that affecting O2 binding affinity?

pH and temperature, 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate, fetal hemoglobin, and RBC diseases

Higher body temperature = … O2 binding affinity

low

What is erythropoeisis initiated by?

Low O2

What does erythropoietin do?

Stimulates RBC production in red marrow

Erythropoeisis is hormonally regulated by a … feedback loop

negative

What releases the hormone erythropoietin?

Kidney

What is needed for heme production?

Iron

Erythropoietin stimulates the differentiation of … cells

erythroid precursor

What is anemia?

Insufficient number of RBC

What is polycythemia?

Overproduction of RBC

What are the 5 major types of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

Lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

There are 5 major types of white blood cells (leukocytes) developed from both the … and the… lineages.

myeloid, lymphoid

What does polynucleated mean?

More than one nucleus

Name the 3 granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

What is the most abundant WBC?

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are mobile … responders

first

Neutrophils amplify response with … and eliminated through …

cytokines, apoptosis

What 3 methods do neutrophils kill invaders with?

Phagocytosis, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

The counts of eosinophils increase with disease association such as …

asthma and allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, Hodgkin’s disease, and Addison’s disease

… attack organisms that are too big for phagocytosis

Eosinophils

Eosinophils release enzymes and cytokines to damage the infectious organism while creating …

localized tissue damage

Eosinophils amplify the immune responses with the release of …, …, and …

interleukins, leukotrienes, PGE2

What are agranulocytes?

Single nuclei circulating leukocytes

What are the 2 major groups that agranulocytes can be divided into?

Monocytes and lymphocytes

… can migrate out of the circulation and reside in tissue

Monocytes

What are the 2 types of monocytes?

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Monocytes that reside in tissue are responsible for … foreign materials to the immune systems

presenting

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Natural killer cells, T-lymphocytes, and B-lymphocytes

What is the role of natural killer cells?

Tumour surveillance

What are the functions of T and B lymphocytes?

Eliminates pathogens and infected cells

Where do thrombocytes (platelets) originate from?

Bone marrow

What are the 2 types of granules that thrombocytes have ?

Dense and alpha granules

What are the important functions of thrombocytes?

Hemostasis, coagulation and wound healing, and innate and acquired immune functions

Thrombopoiesis is hormonally regulated by … (also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor)

thrombopoietin (TPO)

Where is thrombopoietin produced?

Liver (main), kidney, and bone marrow

Thrombopoeisis is a … feedback pathway

negative

Thrombopoietin is bound to the surface of platelets and destroyed. Free circulating TPO concentration increase with … platelet counts, to induce the production by megakaryocytes in …

low, bone marrow

What is important for the differentiation of lymphocytes?

IL-7

Rank the abundance of formed elements from greatest to least

Erythrocytes, platelets, reticulocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils