AP EXAM 1 Review

What is reproduction in living organisms?

The biological process through which living organisms produce new individuals, ensuring the continuation of their species.

What is growth in terms of living organisms?

The process where organisms increase in size, often involving cell division and differentiation.

Define responsiveness in living organisms.

The ability of an organism to detect changes in their environment and respond appropriately.

What does metabolism refer to?

A collection of biochemical reactions that occur within organisms to maintain life.

What are cells?

The basic units of life, composed of one or more cells that carry out essential functions.

What role does water play in human physiology?

Water serves as a solvent for biochemical reactions and helps regulate body temperature.

Why is food important for humans?

Food provides essential nutrients that supply energy and serve as building blocks for tissues.

What is the significance of atmospheric oxygen?

It is crucial for cellular respiration and energy conversion from glucose.

What is the function of heat in human body?

Heat maintains optimal body temperature necessary for enzymatic reactions.

Define pressure in physiological terms.

The force exerted over an area, crucial for various physiological processes.

What is homeostasis?

The process used to maintain ideal conditions for an organism.

What is the role of a sensor in homeostasis?

It detects changes in the environment.

What is a control center in the context of homeostasis?

Typically the central nervous system, it processes information and determines needed responses.

Define effector in homeostasis.

The mechanism that carries out the response to restore balance.

What is negative feedback?

Mechanisms that counteract deviations from a set point to maintain stability.

What is a cranial cavity?

The space that houses the brain, protected by the skull.

What is the function of the vertebral canal?

It encases the spinal cord.

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The heart and lungs.

What is the diaphragm's role?

It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Differentiate between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

The abdominal cavity houses digestive organs, while the pelvic cavity contains the bladder and reproductive organs.

What are pleural membranes?

Serous membranes surrounding the lungs.

What is the pericardium?

The serous membrane surrounding the heart.

What does serous fluid do?

It reduces friction during organ movement.

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

Produce hormones essential for stress response and metabolism regulation.

Where is the appendix located?

Attached to the large intestine, specifically the cecum.

What does the bladder do?

Stores urine until it is excreted.

What is the primary function of bones?

To provide structure and support to the body.

Where is the brain located?

Enclosed within the cranial cavity.

What is the function of the esophagus?

Transports food from the throat to the stomach.

What does the gallbladder store?

Bile produced by the liver.

What is the heart's function?

Pumps blood throughout the body.

What role do kidneys play?

Filter blood to remove waste products.

What does the large intestine do?

Absorbs water and compacts waste into stool.

What is the function of the liver?

Detoxifies harmful substances and regulates metabolism.

What role do lungs play in the body?

Essential for gas exchange during respiration.

What are muscles responsible for?

Enabling movement of the body and circulation of blood.

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

Produces insulin and digestive enzymes.

What is the function of skin?

Protects the body and regulates temperature.

What does the small intestine primarily do?

Digests and absorbs nutrients.

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Transmits signals between the brain and the body.

Describe the spleen's function.

Filters blood and helps combat infections.

What is the stomach's role?

Breaks down food through mechanical and enzymatic actions.

What does the thyroid gland produce?

Hormones that regulate metabolism.

What is the trachea's function?

Provides a clear airway for air movement in the lungs.

What does 'otic' refer to?

Pertaining to the ear.

Define 'nasal'.

Related to the nose.

What does 'oral' pertain to?

Concerning the mouth.

What is meant by 'cervical'?

Relating to the neck.

What does 'acromial' refer to?

The bony prominence of the shoulder.

Define 'axillary'.

Pertaining to the armpit.

What does 'brachial' pertain to?

Related to the arm.

What does 'antecubital' refer to?

The front of the elbow.

What is the meaning of 'abdominal'?

Pertaining to the abdomen.

Define 'antebrachial'.

Relating to the forearm.

What does 'carpal' mean?

Concerning the wrist.

What is 'palmar' related to?

Referring to the palm of the hand.

What does 'digital' refer to?

Related to fingers or toes.

Define 'genital'.

Pertaining to reproductive organs.

What does 'patellar' refer to?

The kneecap.

What is meant by 'tarsal'?

Pertaining to the ankle.

Define 'cephalic'.

Related to the head.

What does 'frontal' refer to?

The forehead region.

What is 'orbital' related to?

The bony cavity that houses the eye.

Define 'buccal'.

Related to the cheek.

What does 'mental' pertain to?

Related to the chin.

What is meant by 'sternal'?

Referring to the breastbone area.

What does 'pectoral' refer to?

Pertaining to the chest.

What does 'umbilical' mean?

Related to the navel.

Define 'inguinal'.

Referring to the groin area.

What does 'coxal' pertain to?

Relating to the hip.

What is meant by 'crural'?

Referring to the leg.

What does 'pedal' refer to?

Related to the foot.

Define 'occipital'.

Pertaining to the back of the head.

What does 'vertebral' refer to?

Related to the spine.

What does 'dorsal' pertain to?

Referring to the back.

What does 'cubital' mean?

Related to the elbow.

Define 'lumbar'.

Referring to the lower back.

What does 'sacral' relate to?

Pertaining to the region between the hips.

What refers to 'gluteal'?

Related to the buttocks.

What does 'perineal' pertain to?

Referring to the area between the anus and the genitals.

What describes 'femoral'?

Related to the thigh.

What does 'popliteal' refer to?

The area behind the knee.

What does 'plantar' mean?

Pertaining to the sole of the foot.

Define 'anterior' in anatomical terms.

Refers to the front of the body.

What does 'posterior' denote?

Refers to the back of the body.

Define 'superior'.

Refers to a position above or higher than another part.

What does 'inferior' mean?

Refers to a position below or lower than another part.

What does 'medial' refer to?

Closer to the midline of the body.

Define 'lateral'.

Farther away from the midline of the body.

What does 'proximal' mean?

Closer to the trunk of the body or point of attachment.

What does 'distal' mean?

Farther from the trunk of the body or point of attachment.

What is meant by 'superficial'?

Refers to a position closer to the surface of the body.

Define 'deep'.

Farther from the surface of the body.

What does 'transverse' refer to in body sectioning?

A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

What is a sagittal section?

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Define 'coronal (frontal)' sectioning.

A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

What does oblique sectioning entail?

Dividing the body at an angle, not parallel to the axes.

What is electrostatic attraction/repulsion?

The force between charged molecules or particles due to their electric charge.

What does atomic structure refer to?

The composition of an atom, including its nucleus and electron shells.

What is found in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons.