International Baccalaureate: Physical Activity and Health

A comprehensive set of flashcards focusing on key concepts related to physical activity and health, hypokinetic diseases, and their relevance in societal contexts.

What is the term for disease associated with physical inactivity?

Hypokinetic disease.

What is habitual physical activity?

Activities requiring any movement by the large muscle groups of the musculoskeletal system, including walking, running, cycling, gardening, and employment-related tasks.

What is the primary difference between exercise and sport?

Exercise is physical activity carried out to sustain or improve health and fitness, while sport involves physical exertion and skill in competition.

What is physical fitness defined as?

One's ability to execute daily activities with optimal performance, endurance, and strength while managing disease, fatigue, and stress.

What are common hypokinetic diseases?

Coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis.

What major societal changes are linked to the rise of hypokinetic diseases?

The proliferation of motor vehicles, changes in employment patterns, and dietary shifts towards fast food.

What happens to bone density from birth to old age?

Bone density increases from birth to around 35-45 years of age, then decreases.

Why do women have a higher risk of osteoporosis than men?

Women tend to have smaller, thinner bones and experience a sharp decrease in estrogen at menopause, which protects bones.

What is atherosclerosis?

A condition where arteries become damaged and blocked by cholesterol and other materials forming plaques.

What are the effects of physical inactivity on cardiovascular disease?

Increased risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and reduced HDL-cholesterol.

What does BMI stand for, and how is it calculated?

Body Mass Index; calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.

What impact does exercise have on mood states?

Exercise can alleviate bad moods and improve feelings of vigor, clarity, and mental well-being.

What are the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, low HDL, obesity, diabetes, and physical inactivity.

What is the significance of physical activity in treatment for hypokinetic diseases?

It helps alleviate symptoms, reduce medication needs, and lower the risk of disease recurrence.

What is the role of leptin in appetite regulation?

Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals the brain to regulate hunger and energy balance.

What is a major health consequence of obesity?

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.