Osteologic features of the vertebral column

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C1-atlas (atypical)

-body: none

-superior articular facets: concave, face superior

-inferior articular facets: flat to slightly concave, face inferior

-spinous processes: none, but has small posterior tubercle

-vertebral canal: triangular, largest of cervical region

-transverse processes: largest of cervical region

-comments: 2 large lateral masses, joined by ant. and post. arches

<p>-body: none</p><p>-superior articular facets: concave, face superior</p><p>-inferior articular facets: flat to slightly concave, face inferior</p><p>-spinous processes: none, but has small posterior tubercle</p><p>-vertebral canal: triangular, largest of cervical region</p><p>-transverse processes: largest of cervical region</p><p>-comments: 2 large lateral masses, joined by ant. and post. arches</p>

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C2-axis (atypical)

-body: tall, with vertical projecting dens

-superior articular facets: flat to slightly convex, faces superior

-inferior articular facets: flat, face anterior and inferior

-spinous processes: largest of cervical region, bifid

-vertebral canal: large and triangular

-transverse processes: form ant. and post. tubercles

-comments: large sup. articular processes that support atlas and cranium

<p>-body: tall, with vertical projecting dens</p><p>-superior articular facets: flat to slightly convex, faces superior</p><p>-inferior articular facets: flat, face anterior and inferior</p><p>-spinous processes: largest of cervical region, bifid</p><p>-vertebral canal: large and triangular</p><p>-transverse processes: form ant. and post. tubercles</p><p>-comments: large sup. articular processes that support atlas and cranium </p>

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C3-6 (typical vertebrae)

-body: wider than deep, have uncinate processes

-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior and superior

-inferior articular facets: flat, face anterior and inferior

-spinous processes: bifid

-vertebral canal: large and triangular

-transverse processes: end as ant. and post. tubercles

-comments: considered typical cervical vertebrae

<p>-body: wider than deep, have uncinate processes</p><p>-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior and superior</p><p>-inferior articular facets: flat, face anterior and inferior</p><p>-spinous processes: bifid</p><p>-vertebral canal: large and triangular</p><p>-transverse processes: end as ant. and post. tubercles</p><p>-comments: considered typical cervical vertebrae</p>

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C7 (atypical)

-body: wider than deep

-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior and superior

-inferior articular facets: transition to typical thoracic vertebrae

-spinous processes: large, prominent, easily palpable

-vertebral canal: triangular

-transverse processes: thick, prominent, may have lrg ant. tubercle forming an extra rib

-comments: often called vertebral prominens because of lrg spinous process

<p>-body: wider than deep</p><p>-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior and superior</p><p>-inferior articular facets: transition to typical thoracic vertebrae</p><p>-spinous processes: large, prominent, easily palpable</p><p>-vertebral canal: triangular</p><p>-transverse processes: thick, prominent, may have lrg ant. tubercle forming an extra rib</p><p>-comments: often called vertebral prominens because of lrg spinous process</p>

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T2-T9 (typical vertebrae)

-body: equal width and depth, has costal demifacets for attachment of head of ribs 2-9

-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior

-inferior articular facets: flat, face anterior

-spinous processes: long and pointed, slant inferiorly

-vertebral canal: round, smaller than cervical

-transverse processes: project horizontally and slightly posterior, have costal facets for tubercles of ribs

-comments: considered typical thoracic vertebrae

<p>-body: equal width and depth, has costal demifacets for attachment of head of ribs 2-9</p><p>-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior</p><p>-inferior articular facets: flat, face anterior</p><p>-spinous processes: long and pointed, slant inferiorly</p><p>-vertebral canal: round, smaller than cervical </p><p>-transverse processes: project horizontally and slightly posterior, have costal facets for tubercles of ribs</p><p>-comments: considered typical thoracic vertebrae</p>

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T1 and T10-T12 (atypical vertebrae)

-body: T1 has full costal facet for rib 1 and a partial demifacet for rib 2. T10-12 each have full costal facet

-superior articular facets: flat, face mostly posterior

-inferior articular facets: flat, face mostly anterior

-spinous processes: long and pointed, slant inferiorly

-vertebral canal: round, smaller than cervical

-transverse processes: T10-T12 may lack costal facets

-comments: considered atypical thoracic vertebrae primarily because of manner of rib attachment

<p>-body: T1 has full costal facet for rib 1 and a partial demifacet for rib 2. T10-12 each have full costal facet</p><p>-superior articular facets: flat, face mostly posterior</p><p>-inferior articular facets: flat, face mostly anterior</p><p>-spinous processes: long and pointed, slant inferiorly</p><p>-vertebral canal: round, smaller than cervical</p><p>-transverse processes: T10-T12 may lack costal facets</p><p>-comments: considered atypical thoracic vertebrae primarily because of manner of rib attachment</p>

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L1-L5

-body: wider than deep, L5 is slightly wedged (higher height ant. than post.)

-superior articular facets: slightly concave, face medial to posterior-medial

-inferior articular facets: L1-L4: slightly convex, face lateral to anterior-lateral. L5: flat, faces ant. and slightly lateral

-spinous processes: stout and rectangular

-vertebral canal: triangular, contains cauda equina

-transverse processes: slender, project laterally

-comments: superior articular processes have mammillary bodies

<p>-body: wider than deep, L5 is slightly wedged (higher height ant. than post.)</p><p>-superior articular facets: slightly concave, face medial to posterior-medial</p><p>-inferior articular facets: L1-L4: slightly convex, face lateral to anterior-lateral. L5: flat, faces ant. and slightly lateral</p><p>-spinous processes: stout and rectangular</p><p>-vertebral canal: triangular, contains cauda equina</p><p>-transverse processes: slender, project laterally</p><p>-comments: superior articular processes have mammillary bodies</p>

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Sacrum

-body: fused. Body of first sacral vertebra most evident

-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior and slightly medial

-inferior articular facets: None

-spinous processes: None, replaced by multiple spinous tubercles

-vertebral canal: triangular, contains cauda equina

-transverse processes: none, replaced by multiple transverse tubercles

-comments: N/A

<p>-body: fused. Body of first sacral vertebra most evident</p><p>-superior articular facets: flat, face posterior and slightly medial</p><p>-inferior articular facets: None</p><p>-spinous processes: None, replaced by multiple spinous tubercles</p><p>-vertebral canal: triangular, contains cauda equina</p><p>-transverse processes: none, replaced by multiple transverse tubercles</p><p>-comments: N/A</p>

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Coccyx

-body: fusion of 4 rudimentary vertebrae

-superior articular facets: rudimentary

-inferior articular facets: rudimentary

-spinous processes: rudimentary

-vertebral canal: ends at first coccyx

-transverse processes: rudimentary

-comments: N/A

<p>-body: fusion of 4 rudimentary vertebrae</p><p>-superior articular facets: rudimentary</p><p>-inferior articular facets: rudimentary</p><p>-spinous processes: rudimentary</p><p>-vertebral canal: ends at first coccyx</p><p>-transverse processes: rudimentary</p><p>-comments: N/A</p>