Term 4 OB Final

The dermoid tumor typically is associated with which ultrasound sign?

tip of the iceberg

A mucinous cystadenoma is all EXCEPT which of the following?

thick with irregular walls and septations

What statement about Meige’s syndrome is false?

it is associated with theca lutein cysts

Which of the following is a localized tumor of endometriosis most frequently found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, retrovaginal septum, and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus?

endometrioma

An ovary is generally considered abnormal if its volume is ____ the size of the contralateral ovary.

twice

Ovarian carcinoma is classified into four stages. Stage II is:

limited to the pelvis

Which pelvis organ is more involved with metastatic disease?

ovary

Which of these masses is considered malignant?

dysgerminoma

In the evaluation of an adnexal mass, which of the following findings increase the likelihood of malignancy

large thick-walled cyst with multiple thick septations and free fluid

Which of the following is considered the most common gynecological malignancy in the United States?

endometrial

On color Doppler sonography, most malignant ovarian tumors yield flow signals that are best characterized as:

low impedance

Doppler measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak, divided by the highest systolic peak is the:

resistive index

The difference between peak systole and peak diastole is the:

S/D ratio

The primary criteria for a malignant ovarian mass includes all except:

associated with a diameter less than 3 mm

Which statement is not true:

an ovary with a volume one-half that of the opposite side should be considered abnormal

Clinical signs of a 32-year-old woman with an enlarged uterus on physical examination and a history of cyclic profuse, prolonged bleeding with increasing pain most likely represents:

leiomyoma

The most common site for a leiomyoma to occur is:

intramural

A benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as:

adenomyosis

The most common sonographic finding in endometrial carcinoma:

presents with abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity; usually presents with irregular bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

A small percentage of leimyomas are located in the:

cervix

An acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal is most likely a result of:

cervical stenosis

Which leiomyoma location is most likely to cause heavy irregular uterine bleeding?

submucosal

The most common cause of uterine calcification is:

myomas

On ultrasound, the characteristic appearance of degenerating leiomyoma is:

heterogeneous

Which of the following statements about adenomyosis is false?

ectopic tissue arises from stratum functionalis of the endometrium

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM):

involves the myometrium

Endometrial hyperplasia develops from:

unopposed estrogen stimulation

Patients on tamoxifen therapy have an increased risk of:

all of the above

Irregular, acyclic bleeding is defined as:

metrorrhagia

Where might you find a Gartner’s duct cyst?

vagina

Congenital abnormalities of the uterus result from improper fusion of the:

paramesonephric ducts

Abnormally heavy or long menses is termed:

menorrhagia

The normal size of the menarchal uterus should measure ____ centimeters long and ____ centimeters wide.

8;4

What is the physiologic status of prepuberty called?

premenarche

Depending on the menstrual cycle, the inner lining of the uterine cavity that appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound is which one of the following structures?

endometrium

The thickness of the endometrium should be measured in which one of the following planes?

longitudinal

The endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement in which one of the following phases?

luteal

On transabdominal imaging of the female pelvis, the distended urinary bladder:

all of the above

The middle layer of the uterus is which one of the following?

myometrium

Nabothian cysts are found near which one of the following anatomic structures?

endocervical canal

What is the most frequent sonographic finding in ectopic pregnancy?

an adnexal mass

What is the most common pelvic mass seen in first trimester pregnancy?

corpus luteum cyst

An empty gestational sac is known as:

anembryonic pregnancy

The most common abnormality associated with cystic hygroma is:

Turner’s syndrome

If a fibroid coexists with a 12-menstrual-week fetus, the sonographer must identify the relationship of the fibroid to the:

placenta

A hemorrhage located between the gestational sac and the placenta represents:

subchorionic hemorrhage

Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the:

fallopian tube

There is an increased risk of massive hemorrhage in an ectopic pregnancy that is located:

near the uterine cornua

Findings in ectopic pregnancy include all except which of the following?

doubling of the serum beta hCG every other day

The best sonographic correlation in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is the combination of:

free fluid and adnexal mass

A condition associated with anencephaly in which there is complete or partial absence of the cranial bones is called:

acrania

Which of the following anomalies is characterized by the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and splaying of the cerebellar hemisphere?

Dandy-Walker malformation

Ventriculomegaly is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement measuring greater than:

10 mm

Conditions commonly associated with fetal hydrocephalus include all except which of the following?

choroid plexus cyst

Which of the following is the most common open neural tube defect?

anencephaly

Protrusion of the brain from the cranial cavity is called:

encephalocele

The most common neck mass is:

cystic hygroma

The optimal gestational age for measurement of nuchal translucency is:

13 weeks

Evaluation of the fetal abdominal wall demonstrated evisceration of the bowel to the right of the umbilical cord. This is most representative of:

gastroschisis

The two most common anterior abdominal wall defects are:

gastroschisis and omphalocele

The normal embyologic herniation of the bowel permits:

development of the intraabdominal organs

Which statement about an omphalocele is correct?

omphaloceles that contain only bowel have a higher risk for chromosomal abnormalities

A 19-week fetus with elevation of MSAFP shows herniated free-floating bowel loops. This most likely represents:

gastroschisis

Sonographic findings of fetal hydrops in Rh sensitization include all except which of the following?

thinning placenta

Severe generalized massive fetal edema describes:

anasarca

A condition in which the fetus is not growing as fast as normal is termed:

intrauterine growth restriction

Asymmetric growth restriction may show all EXCEPT which of the following?

body and head small for dates

The normal amniotic fluid index (AFI) should range between:

5-22 cm

One of the growth problems of the diabetic fetus is:

macrosomia

Significant maternal risk factors for IUGR include all except which of the following?

significant hypotension

Which statement about amniotic fluid is false?

an amniotic fluid pocket greater than 5 cm may represent IUGR

IUGR is most commonly defined as a fetal birth weight:

at or below the 10% for a given gestational age

Which of the following is not a parameter of a biophysical profile?

fetal swallowing

Increased vascular resistance to the fetus is reflected by a/an:

increase in S/D ratio

Macrosomia is defined as a birth weight:

above 90% for estimated gestational age

The single most useful biometric parameter to assess fetal growth is:

abdominal circumference

The placenta of the macrosomia fetus can become:

significantly large

Symmetric IUGR is usually the result of:

first trimester insult

Asymmetric IUGR is usually caused by:

placental insufficiency

Assessing amniotic fluid volume using the sum of four quadrants is called:

amniotic fluid index

An AFI of 7 cm is considered:

within lower limits of the normal amniotic fluid volume

Define menorrhagia.

prolonged or excessive bleeding

Define metrorrhagia.

uterine bleeding occuring at irregular and more frequent than normal intervals

Define menometrorrhagia.

prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occuring at irregular and more frequent than normal intervals

Define intermenstrual bleeding.

uterine bleeding occurring at regular intervals of less than 21 days

What pathology could this be?

mucinous cystadenoma

What pathology could be in these images?

dermoid cyst

What pathology could be in this image?

cystic hygroma

What pathology is seen in this image?

Dandy-Walker malformation

What pathology is seen in this image?

ventriculomegaly

What pathology is seen in this image?

hydrocephalus

What pathology is seen in this image?

anencaphaly

What pathology is seen in this image?

AVM

Identify the pathology in the red circle.

adenomyosis

What pathology is seen in this image?

subchorionic hemorrhage

A 58 year old woman, history of breast cancer, presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. She has been postmenopausal for 6 years. What pathology could this be?

endometrial hyperplasia

What is seen in this image?

gartner’s duct cystnabo

What is seen in this image?

arcuate uterus

What is the most likely diagnosis?

cervical stenosis

What is seen in this image?

scalp edema