APUSH P4 important terms

2nd great awakening

a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements.

Amelia Bloomer

Amelia Jenks Bloomer was an American newspaper editor, women's rights and temperance advocate

American party

The American Party, commonly known as the Know-Nothing Party, was a political organization that emerged in the 1850s, primarily advocating for nativist policies

American System

The American System was an economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century aimed at promoting national economic growth and unifying the country.

Antebellum

The Antebellum Period refers to the time in American history before the Civil War, typically from the late 1810s to 1861.

Battle of Tippecanoe

The Battle of Tippecanoe was a significant conflict fought between American forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison and Native American warriors

Bringham Young

Mormon guy, lots of wives, very important for the latter day saints

Brook Farm

Brook Farm was a utopian community established in the 1840s near Boston, Massachusetts, founded by transcendentalists

Charles Finney

Charles Grandison Finney was a prominent American preacher and theologian during the Second Great Awakening, known for his innovative revivalist techniques.

Corrupt Bargain

A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

Cult of domesticity

Market revolution, women stay home, don’t do outside work, submissiveness

Cyrus McCormick

an American inventor who is most notably known for developing the mechanical reaper

Deceleration of Sentiments

document created at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which outlined the grievances women faced and demanded equal rights for women, mirroring the language and structure of the Declaration of Independence; it is considered a foundational document in the women's rights movement, primarily authored by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 

Dorthea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails

Elizabeth Stanton

American feminists, wrote declaration of sentiments

Era of good feelings

The Era of Good Feelings refers to the period in American history from roughly 1817 to 1825, characterized by a sense of national unity and political harmony.

Florida purchase treaty

The Adams-Onis Treaty, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, was an 1819 agreement between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the US.

Francis Scott Key

Francis Scott Key. A lawyer and poet of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Key wrote the words to " The Star-Spangled Banner"

Hartford convention

a meeting held in Hartford, Connecticut during the War of 1812 where New England Federalists, unhappy with the war's impact on their economy, gathered to discuss grievances against the federal government and even considered the possibility of secession, ultimately proposing constitutional amendments to limit federal power, which severely damaged the Federalist Party's reputation due to its perceived disloyalty to the nation

Henry Clay

Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. spoils system.

Hudson River School

Type of nature-esque America is great art

Indian removal act

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a law enacted by President Andrew Jackson that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes.

Jacksonian Democrats

The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man"

John C.Calhoun

recognized as a prominent South Carolina politician and strong advocate for states' rights, most notably known for his "nullification theory" which stated that states could declare federal laws unconstitutional and void within their borders, a position he took primarily to protect the interests of the Southern slaveholding class; he served as Vice President under Andrew Jackson

John deere

the American inventor and blacksmith who developed the first commercially successful, self-scouring steel plow in 1837

John James Audubom

self-taught artist, naturalist, and ornithologist who is best known for his detailed paintings of North American birds

John marshall

fourth Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1801 to 1835. He played a crucial role in establishing the Supreme Court's authority and shaping the American legal system, significantly influencing the balance of power between federal and state governments during the early years of the nation.

John smith

Book of Mormon guy

Judicial Review

The idea that the courts decide what is/what is not constitutional. solidified with John marshall

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

refers to the 1840 presidential election strategy used by the Whig Party candidate William Henry Harrison, where they portrayed him as a simple, common man from the frontier by associating him with imagery of a log cabin and a barrel of hard cide

Lowell System

Lowell System. Textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency

Market revolution

significant period in early 19th century American history where the economy shifted from a largely agrarian society to a more industrialized

Missouri Compromise

MISSOURI COMPROMISE: Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri. Aimed to balance free/slave states

Monroe Doctrine

a foreign policy statement declared by President James Monroe in 1823, which essentially stated that the United States would not tolerate any further European colonization or interference in the affairs of independent nations in the Western Hemisphere, while also pledging to stay uninvolved in European politics; essentially establishing the Americas as a sphere of U.S. influence

National road

the first major federally funded highway built in the United States, primarily constructed between 1811 and 1837, which connected the eastern states to the western frontier

Nativists

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners- movement based on hostility to immigrants, especially Irish & Catholic ones.

Nat turner

An enslaved African American man who led a violent rebellion in Virginia in 1831. Uprising led to stricter slave laws.

Panic of 1837

a severe financial crisis that hit the United States in 1837, marked by widespread bank failures, a sharp economic downturn, and high unemployment, largely caused by over-speculation in land and unregulated banking practices, often linked to President Andrew Jackson's policies regarding the Bank of the United States

Peculiar institution

word for slavery used by southerners to justify slavery

Sectionalism

Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole.

Seneca Falls convention

the first major women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, where activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott issued the "Declaration of Sentiments" demanding equal rights and suffrage for women, marking the official start of the women's rights movement in the United States

Susan B Anthony

a prominent 19th-century American activist who was a leading figure in the women's suffrage movement

The Liberator

an abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison that vehemently advocated for the immediate emancipation of all slaves,

The North Star

an abolitionist newspaper published by Frederick Douglass

Trail of tears

he forced displacement and relocation of Native American tribes, primarily the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the 1830

Treaty of Ghent

he peace treaty signed on December 24, 1814, between the United States and Great Britain, officially ending the War of 1812 by restoring all captured territory to its pre-war owners, essentially returning the situation to the "status quo ante bellum" (the state before the war)

Whigs

a major political party in the mid-19th century America that primarily formed in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his policies, advocating for a strong national bank, internal improvements like roads and canals, and generally a more active federal government role in economic development, often associated with Henry Clay's "American System.". 

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

a social reform movement, primarily led by women, that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol consumption,

Xenophobia

An intense fear or hatred of foreigners or immigrants, often manifesting as prejudice and discrimination against people from other countries or cultures