Modern World- Napoleon and Congress of Vienna

STAGE 1 TOPICS and CAUSES

-Main events: Major political, economic, social changes

Causes of the French Revolution (Stage 1)

1. Inequities of Ancien Regime
   Split French into 3 estates- Catholic Church,
   Nobles,
   Everyone Else
   Upper 2 Estates got privelages- political power, tax
   exemptions

2. Intellectual Opposition to Status Quo
   Enlightenment caused opposition to Ancien Regime

3. Political Structure in France
   Absolute Monarchy- caused change, because
   people realized they had no
   power

4. Louis XV and XVI
   They were specifically weak and inefficient rulers
   Bourbons became weaker and weaker

5. Financial Crisis in Government
   Happened due to…

   French lended money to the US during
   American Revolution because they wanted
   to take down Britain

   Tax Exemptions on first 2 estates

6. Series of Crop Failures
   Bad harvests due to weather for multiple consecutive
   years led to starvation among 3rd estate

Estates General

-Representative groups from each Estate who can alter tax
structure
-People called for re-election of Estates general- to tax the upper estates

1st Estate- 308
2nd Estate- 281
3rd Estate- 621

-They voted to keep the same system with tax exemptions, because voting was one vote per estate, not per person.

"What is the Third Estate" reading

Written by Abbé (𝔼𝕞𝕞𝕒𝕟𝕦𝕖𝕝 𝕁𝕠𝕤𝕖𝕡𝕙) 𝕊𝕚𝕖𝕪𝕖𝕤
-stated that the 3rd estate is essential to the functioning to society.
-4 classes of individual efforts
-Individual efforts and public functions are 🅔🅢🅢🅔🅝🅣🅘🅐🅛 to societies
-said that the 3rd estate should have 𝓪𝓵𝓵 the power

Tennis Court Oath

• June 20, 1789
• National Assembly sign oath to themselves, which gave them legitimate power of France
• signed in tennis court

National Assembly

-3rd estate met in private- called themselves…
𝔱𝔥𝔢 𝔫𝔞𝔱𝔦𝔬𝔫𝔞𝔩 𝔞𝔰𝔰𝔢𝔪𝔟𝔩𝔶

-They signed the 𝖙𝖊𝖓𝖓𝖎𝖘 𝖈𝖔𝖚𝖗𝖙 𝖔𝖆𝖙𝖍- declared that they should have ALL the power

Bastille ❗❗❗❗❗❗❗

• July 14, 1789
• angry French people storm the Bastille (a prison)
• king's army joins the people

❗❗❗❗❗❗❗
REVIEW WITH MR.JONES

August Decrees ❗

-A series of laws passed to end and fix France
-called for an end to the ancien regime which would end 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙧

"Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"

• 2nd major document: deceleration of what the national assembly are fighting for
• men are born and remain free and equal in rights (same as john Locke's ideas)

STAGE 2 TOPICS and CAUSES

Main events:

• international war
• increase political division
• regicide

Causes:

• stage 1

Foreign War ❗

-1972: France goes to war against Austria and Prussia because they were absolute monarchies.

-Both the King and the Revolutionaries liked this.
-The king liked this because he believed it would restore his power.
-The revolutionaries like this because it would spread revolution

Royalists

• want absolute monarchy

Girondists

• Moderate group
• Wanted 𝔠𝔬𝔫𝔰𝔱𝔦𝔱𝔲𝔱𝔦𝔬𝔫𝔞𝔩 𝔪𝔬𝔫𝔞𝔯𝔠𝔥𝔶

Jacobins

-Radical group
-Wanted no king

Convention ❗❗❗ National Convention???

• made up of jacobins and want no king
• start a new calendar Day 1 of Year 1 is Sep 21, 1792
• they killed the prisoners called September Massacre because they thought violence would make them stronger
• they try the king for treason, he's found guilty, he's executed by the guillotine (Jan 21, 1793)

Regicide

-act of killing a king (Louis XVI)
-Radicals created national convention, with a new constitution where they have 𝙣𝙤 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜

-This was so revolutionary that they needed a new calendar, where year one starts with the day they got rid of the king.

-Political prisoners executed (September Massacre)

𝙉𝙤𝙬, 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙙𝙤 𝙙𝙤 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜?
Kill, Exile, or Give a Trial

They chose… trial.

The trial declared him guilty for 𝖙𝖗𝖊𝖆𝖘𝖔𝖓
SO, he was executed in 1793.

his regicide ended stage 2.

Stage 3 TOPICS AND CAUSES

Main event… (it looks cool in flashcard mode dont delete it pls)

╔═╗─╔╗───────╔═╗╔══╗
║╬╠═╬╬═╦═╦╗╔═╣═╣╚╗╔╩╦╦╦╦╦═╦╦╗
║╗╣╩╣║╬║║║║║╬║╔╝─║║╩╣╔╣╔╣╬║╔╝
╚╩╩═╩╬╗╠╩═╝╚═╩╝──╚╩═╩╝╚╝╚═╩╝
─────╚═╝

aka reign of terror

cause- stage 2

Committee of General Security

-Committee to fight war with Austria and Prussia

-Created Citizen Army: people were so 𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 that many signed up before being drafted

(Created by National Assembly)

Committee of Public Safety

-Purpose: to preserve the revolution
-Took all catholic land away
-Got rid of all titles of nobility
-Restrict and censor
-Executed enemies of revolution

(Created by National Assembly)

Led by Lawyer- Robespierre

After July 1794, people grew tired of killing- so, he was tried for treason. He was found guilty and executed.

Reign of Terror ❗❗❗❗❗❗❗❗❗

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Stage 4 TOPICS AND CAUSES

main events: Miliatary Successes abroad, and moderation at home

cause- stage 3

Thermidorean Reaction

The Reaction against violence during the reign of terror. (After execution of Robespierre)

Directory

-Established after the Reign of Terror, because people were tired of the violence
So, they make a new constitution (Directory- Moderate)

-Political prisoners were set free
-Restrictions and censorships reduced
-No more Jacobins

-Created Bicameral Legislature

-Power in the directory was held by a 5 man executive board
-Army led by young 'r'epublicans

Directory challenges

It faces a number or 𝓒𝓸𝓾𝓹 𝓭'𝓮𝓽𝓪𝓽- rebellions against government

Finally, in 1799, the directory was overthrown: Coup de Brumaire

STAGE 5 causes and main events

Causes:

• stage 4

Events:

• revolution ends

Napoleon Biography

𝕹𝖆𝖕𝖔𝖑𝖊𝖔𝖓- At early age, he was discovered to be very intelligent
he got a scholarship to french miliatry school
He supports revolution when it starts

AT 24, AS OFFICER, HE was sent to fight against british at Toulon, where he was sucessful.
-youngest french general in history, with many victories

These victories led Sieyes and Tallyran (who overthrew the directory)

continued on 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 card

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆

The new government that Napoleon, Sieyes, and Tallyran created.

It brought limitations to elective and legislative power (less could vote, more limits on legislatures)

only Consulate can make big decisions

Napoleon didn't intend to create a dictatorship, but he did.

Napoleon utilized apathy of the French people due to violence to 𝖒𝖆𝖓𝖎𝖋𝖊𝖘𝖙 power.

Napoleon rid of Sieyes and Tallyran (tbh idk what to title this card)

He says to French people that they won the revolution because he is leader.

NO ONE opposed because he brought stability to France

Paradox of French Revolution: it was fought in the name of liberty, equality, fraternity. but, oppression won the revolution

by the time Napoleon was in power, no one could stop him

First Consul

• Sieyes and Tallyran thought they could manipulate Napoleon, but he had a strong 𝔼𝔾𝕆
• Napoleon out maneuvers them and creates this new government
• Napoleon is first consul (leader with most power)
• no one opposes him cause their tired of bloodshed, and cause most of his opposition was dead (army was him)
• Napoleon said FR was successful because it made him, a 𝒽𝑒𝓇𝑜
• 1802 amends constitution
• 1804 gets rid of constitution and Napoleon calls himself emperor of France, which makes the French Empire

Napoleonic Code

• new legal system based on equality
• says everyone is equal if they're a 𝐦𝐚𝐧
• takes away women's rights
• create by Napoleon (obviously)

Napoleon sold Louisiana. Why?

He wanted money for war.
So, he proclaimed himself emperor after he got the money. He asked pope to crown him, then took the crown out of his hands and put it on himself.

Napoleon International Affairs and enemies

He focused on international affairs- wanted to rule the world

he had 4 major enemies.

England, due to them having a better navy

Russia, due to land and resources

Austria, because of Strong royalty and miliatary

Prussia, because they had a strong army

First, he fights with…

England.

He fights with England economically. He closed all ports to England to prevent them from from trading with them; to weaken their economy
He sailed to Lisbon, but before he got there, he engaged English army at Trafalgar.
Napoleon loses.
This loss covinced him to stick with land battles.

After England, he quarrels with…

Austria.

1805- defeats Austrian Army in battle of 𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐳

After Austria, he went to war with…

Prussia.

Battle of 𝙅𝙚𝙣𝙖- he defeated them

After Prussia, he butts heads with…

Russia.

he defeated them in Battle of Friedland.
He forced Czar Alexander I to sign 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗶𝘁
he said he wouldn't invade them if they cut trade with england.

with Eastern Europe, he creates 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞
defeats ends here.

Campaign of Nepotism ❗❗❗

• makes brother Joseph king of Spain
• makes brother Louis king of Holland
• makes brother Jérôme king of Westphillia
• sister Caroline queen of Naples

Continental System

Napoleon Prohibited anyone under his power to trade with england. but………..

russia did. :(

Russia-France Naval war because Russia broke the Continental system

In 1812, Russia renewed trade with England

Napoleon attacks russia with 750,000 army members
From the french perspective, France tried to punish Russia

But from the Russian view,

Russia had fewer trained soldiers than napoleon.
problems;
Czar alexander had miliatry leadership. the head of the russian army (de tolly) retreats, and Napoleon conquers Smolensk
Alexander gets rid of him and replaces him with Kutuzov, who was considered the greatest russian general. He continues to retreat to Boroding, very bloody battle

Napoleon still won.

but, he still wanted to capture Moscow. Kutuzov burns it down before he can.

to be continued

French retreat from Russia

After Kutuzov burns down Moscow, the French attempt to retreat, and the Russians chased them back. Most soldiers died because of the extreme cold, or got killed by the Russians.

French outcome of above

France gained many enemies (Prussia, Austria, Russian Soldiers)

Russia forced Napoleon to sign a treaty, but, he refused.

So, the enemies invaded France and banished him to island of Elba
He escapes, marches back to Paris with his army.

1850, set out to conquer Europe

Then, England joins the Enemies and gets defeated at Battle of Waterloo

Outcome of Waterloo

The enemies sent him to Island of Helena, where he dies of Cancer at 52

After this, France returns to Bourbon Monarchy

Sequence of Governments in Revolutionary France

Sequence of Governments in Revolutionary France

1. Absolute Monarchy (Bourbon Monarchy)
2. National Assembly
3. Constitutional Assembly
4. Legislative Assembly
5. National Convention
6. Directory
7. Consulate
8. First Consul
9. Empire
10. Absolute Monarchy (Bourbon Monarchy)

Why was the French Revolution such a Watershed Event in Modern World History?

-The FR put into practice the democratic ideals of the Enlightenment: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

-Due to the FR's success in ending the negative aspects of the Ancien Regime, it began to spread the above democratic ideals throughout Europe.

-The FR witnessed many attempts at Constitutionalism, which served as models for both the strengths and weaknesses of those systems.

-The FR brought to Europe and beyond modern nationalism, which in turn changed the course of world history tremendously, both positively and negatively

big concepts to know

above