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What are Routing Protocols primarily responsible for?
manage the exchange of routing information between routers.
When subnetting a /24 network and splitting it in half, what is the new CIDR?
/25.
What CIDR would be used to make a /24 subnet twice as large?
/23.
What does the number after the slash in CIDR notation represent?
It indicates the number of bits that belong to the network portion.
If you need a subnet for 11,000 IP addresses, which CIDR is appropriate: /8, /26, or /17?
/17 would make much more sense.
Does checksum apply to just the header in IPv4 or in both IPv4 and IPv6?
applies to the header in both IPv4 and IPv6. Has to be recalculated by every router, needs to be recalculated for the new header
What is the bit length of an IPv4 address?
32 bits.
What is the bit length of an IPv6 address?
128 bits.
What is the main drawback of classful addressing?
It is inefficient and can result in large institutions obtaining tens of millions of IP addresses.
What is classless addressing designed to allow?
It allows for variable length subnet masks.
What are the private IPv4 address ranges for Class A, B, and C?
A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255, C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255.
What is APIPA? Automatic Private IP Addressing
used when a device cannot get an IP from a DHCP server.
range 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
What does CIDR notation tell you about an IP address?
specifies how an IP address was subnetted, indicating the size of the subnet.
What does ICMP stand for and what is its purpose?
Internet Control Message Protocol, used for error reporting, troubleshooting, and diagnostics.
What command is used to check if a device is reachable?
PING.
What is the purpose of the traceroute command?
To plot the path packets take to reach a destination.
What is VLSM?
Variable Length Subnet Masking allows different sized subnets.
What are public IPv6 addresses referred to as?
Global unicast addresses.
What is the first priority for making routing decisions?
Length of the subnet mask match.
What should you do if there's a tie in route priority based on subnet masks?
Select the route with the lower metric value.
What are some options for the PING command?
-t for continuous pinging, -l to change the packet size.
What is a router’s default gateway used for?
To route packets when there are no matches in the routing table. Routed to a larger or similar size router
What is the typical range for TTL values for valid networks?
TTL values should not reach zero; typical values are up to 255, with 128 being more common.
What is a point-to-point network?
A network with one computer directly connected to another.
What is a characteristic of packets in a point-to-point network?
Packets will all take the same network path.
How can you identify an IPv6 address?
An IPv6 address is typically represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.
What is the bit length of a MAC address?
48 bits.
What is Network Address Translation (NAT)?
A technique that allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address.
What is DHCP and why is it used?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network. translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses before sending data to the internet
What is one benefit of using IPv4?
Human readability. Legacy
What is a benefit of using IPv6?
Increased address space to accommodate more devices.
What is the concept of fragmentation in networking?
Messages and segments are divided into smaller pieces to accommodate the network's MTU, handled at the sending device.
How does Network Address Translation help with IPv4 usage?
It allows continued use of IPv4 by enabling multiple devices to share a single IP address.
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