Praxis 5622 Prep Questions

Under the provisions of the IDEA, which of the following strategies is an example of a modification a teacher can most appropriately make in a classroom to meet the needs of a student with a LD?

A. Adapting content areas by simplifying vocabulary and content load

B. Reducing the distractions within the physical environment

C. Using manipulatives and hands-on activities to explain a concept

D. Extending or adjusting the time allotted to complete an assessment

adapting content areas by simplifying vocabulary and content load

Which of the following teacher actions is most effective for creating a positive learning environment in a classroom?

A. Planning instructional activities that are relevant to students

B. Engaging students by using project-based, hands-on activities

C. Creating and implementing standards for student behavior

D. Using a token system to reward student achievement

planning instructional activities that are relevant to students

Which of the following statements best identifies a limitation of using a developmental portfolio as an assessment tool?

A. Establishing reliable and valid evaluative criteria can be challenging

B. Ratings of student work are consistently more objective than subjective

C. The contents of portfolios are not typical of student work

D. Portfolios measure superficial learning only

establishing reliable and valid evaluative criteria can be challenging

Which of the following types of memory is primarily increased by chunking information?

A. Long-term memory

B. Short-term memory

C. Implicit memory

D. Declarative memory

short-term memory

In 2014, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR), a subagency of the United States Department of Education (ED), issued a set of guidelines that provide information to educators regarding students' civil rights and equal access to educational resources. Which THREE of the following statements best describe the foundational principles contained in the OCR's guidelines?

A. Students have the right to free speech provided their speech does not interfere with a school's educational mission.

B. A high-quality education for all students includes resources such as academic and extracurricular programs, strong teaching, and instructional materials.

C. All students--regardless of race, color, national origin, or sip code--deserve a high-quality education.

D. High-quality resources provided to all students include state-of-the-art technology and strong community support.

E. All students need to have equal access to comparable resources in light of their educational needs

-a high-quality education for all students includes resources such as academic and extracurricular programs, strong teaching, and instructional material

-all students--regardless of race, color, national origin, or zip code--deserve a high-quality education

-all students need to have equal access to comparable resources in light of their education needs

Which of the following actions is the best example of a student using short-term memory to complete an instructional task?

A. Using a table of contents to quickly locate a specific chapter in a textbook

B. Recalling the main events seen in a movie that relate to a topic of study

C. Using flash cards to gain speed in recognition of multiplication facts

D. Playing a game with another student that requires mastery of state capitals

using a table of contents to quickly locate a specific chapter in a textbook

Which of the following best describes the type of scoring that applies many criteria at the same time to evaluate the end-of-course project and results in a single grade?

A. Task-specific scoring

B. Analytic scoring

C. Developmental scoring

D. Holistic scoring

holistic scoring

Which of the following teacher activities best supports reflective practice?

A. Completely weekly lesson plans

B. Talking to students about their learning

C. Journaling about classroom experiences

D. Designing assessments to measure content mastery

journaling about classroom experiences

Which of the following statements is most accurate about informal assessments?

A. Informal assessments are used less frequently than formal assessments because time and cost constraints

B. Informal assessments provide data that are used for making placement decisions and to document student learning overtime

C. Informal assessments help teachers understand students' growth and refine instruc to meet students' needs

D. Informal assessments are primarily used for comparing students' performance with that of other students at a similar level

informal assessments help teachers to understand students' growth and refine instruction to meet students' needs

A class is broken into homogeneous reading groups. Each group has a leveled historical fiction novel to read and discuss. Before the groups meet, the teacher delivers a mini-lesson that models how to ask higher-level questions to spark deep discussion. Which of the following instructional strategies is primarily being used during the reading group meetings?

A. Interactive instruction

B. Independent study

C. Direct instruction

D. Experiential learning

interactive instruction

When considering the educational implications for a student with an ID, the teacher should primarily focus on

A. modifying the general curriculum and implementing direct teaching skills

B. collecting data to measure ongoing academic progress in an adapted curriculum

C. assuring full access to all school-sponsored activities

D. teaching social skills and developing a behavioral intervention plan

modifying the general curriculum and implementing direct teaching strategies

When addressing continued misbehavior, teachers can best establish expectations for student behavior by developing clear rules and procedures as well as by doing which of the following?

A. giving the students a warning for their misbehavior

B. providing students with a peer mentor for guidance

C. giving feedback on student goals and objectives

D. providing consequences for student misbehavior

providing consequences for student misbehavior

A fourth-grade teacher is about to start a reading lesson, but the classroom is noisy with talkative students. Which of the following is the most effective nonverbal communication strategy that the teacher can use to capture students' attention in order to begin the lesson?

A. Frowning at the students who are doing the most talking

B. Standing at the front of the room with arms crossed

C. Sitting down at the desk until the students stop talking

D. Standing still at the front of the room while staring at the clock

standing still at the front of the room while staring at the clock

Which of the following can be used to convert any test result to a single-digit score?

A. Stanine score

B. Age-equivalent score

C. Percentile rank

D. Grade-equivalent score

stanine score

Which of the following strategies best increases student motivation in the classroom environment?

A. Assigning high-performing students to tutor peers as part of expected conduct

B. Placing students in groups of three or more to complete graded assignments

C. Asking student to generate a list of goals that they plan to accomplish in their lifetimes

D. Allowing students to collaborate with the teacher to design learning opportunities

allowing students to collaborate with the teacher to design learning opportunities

Which of the following types of scores ranges from 1 to 99 and compares a student's performance with that of other students at the same grade or age level?

A. Standard

B. Raw

C. Stanine

D. Percentile

percentile

Which of the following assessments best helps a science teacher determine a student's ability to test a hypothesis

A. Multiple-choice test

B. Lab experiment

C. Cloze activity

D. Lab report

lab experiment

Which of the following scenarios most closely describes the learning environment in a classroom that utilizes constructivist theory?

A. Mentoring and monitoring students as they learn social behaviors from others in the school setting

B. Sharing and equalizing interactions between the teacher and the students throughout the day

C. Employing extrinsic rewards provided by the teacher to the students to encourage participation

D. Providing consequences to students to reinforce behaviors that allow for progress

sharing and equalizing interactions between the teacher and the students throughout the day

Which of the following insights is best gained from administering a norm-referenced achievement test?

A. A student's knowledge base about an upcoming unit before instruction

B. An individual's propensity to succeed in any given activity based on innate characteristics

C. Information on an individual's level of master based on a specific set of learning standards

D. How a student's test performance compares with that of a same of similar students who have taken the same test

how a student's test performance compares with that of a sample of similar students who have taken the same test

A reading teacher wants to create an assessment that will require students to answer questions at the evaluation level of Bloom's Taxonomy. The best assessment for meeting the teacher's goal is to have students do which of the following?

A. Summarize a passage

B. Identify the main idea of a text

C. Critique an author's point of view

D. Compare characters in a story

critique an author's point of view

A school district is looking at opportunities to improve collaboration between stakeholders. Which of the following requires the most collaboration between internal and external stakeholders?

A. Holding weekly faculty meetings

B. Creating a social media account

C. Convening a school improvement team

D. Establishing a student-run school radio station

convening a school improvement team

During a science lesson, a teacher reads aloud "The Very Hungry Caterpillar" by Eric Carle and asks the students to predict what will happen while the caterpillar is in the chrysalis. To best encourage a high level of student participation and collaboration in the activity, which of the following strategies is best for the teacher to use?

A. Having students complete a think-pair-share activity

B. Asking students to write a prediction in their journals

C. Involving students in a whole-group discussion

D. Allowing students to read a relevant chapter from a textbook

having students complete a think-pair-share activity

An English-language learner joins a science class. Which of the following changes in the teacher's practice will best meet the needs of the new student?

A. Adding visuals to classroom instruction

B. Speaking slowly using basic vocabulary

C. Setting time aside to teach the student one-on-one

D. Wring lessons with lower academic expectations

adding visuals to classroom instruction

Which of the following best describes the rights of parents as covered under FERPA?

A. Parents must be included in the development of an IEP for their child

B. Parents must be involved in the decision-making process regarding their child's academic placement

C. Parents can request that a school correct their child's records if they believe that the records are inaccurate or misleading

D. Parents can inspect and revise any instructional material used as part of their child's educational curriculum

parents can request that a school correct their child's records if they believe that the records are inaccurate or misleading

Effective teacher study groups primarily contain which of the following components?

A few key questions to provide teachers with a direction for inquiry

Which of the following is most effective for developing students' self-motivation?

Providing frequent positive feedback

A fourth-grade teacher wants to assess the level of student understanding during a math lesson. The teacher asks the students to respond to a series of questions with thumbs-up or thumbs-down to indicate their answer. Most students indicate incorrect responses to several questions. Which of the following strategies is best for the teacher to implement next?

Adjusting instruction immediately to correct the errors

Which of the following best represents the application of a thematic unit?

A kindergarten teacher designs a lesson in which students will learn about animals' habitats and young, as well as make models of animals.

Educators are trained professionals who are qualified to select appropriate materials and resources from a variety of sources that meet their teaching goals and the needs and interests of their students.

The statement shown is most closely associated with which of the following?

Intellectual freedom

A fourth-grade teacher observes that several students are upset about their mathematics grades. The students are receiving low grades on daily assignments and weekly quizzes, and some are beginning to show signs of low self-efficacy. Which of the following teacher actions will most help the students regain their self-efficacy?

Providing students with descriptive and specific feedback that aligns with their strengths

At the beginning of the school year, norm-referenced assessment results for the previous school year are automatically mailed to parents. During the first week of school, a fifth-grade teacher receives a phone call from a parent who wants to know what a percentile score of 45 in mathematics means. To best answer the parent's question, the teacher should explain that the student

performed the same or better than 45 percent of students in the same grade

It is essential for a teacher to understand the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because it

prescribes the procedures a school must follow to dismiss a teacher

Which of the following provisions or modifications is mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act?

Providing ramps for a student who uses a wheelchair to enter and exit a public building

To determine whether a particular intervention is helping a student, Judy, develop her reading fluency, a teacher administers reading probes that measure words read per minute. Which of the following best describes how the teacher should record and maintain the data collected during the intervention so as to make appropriate educational decisions for Judy?

Graphing at least three to five data points to examine for evidence of Judy's progress

Students in a second-grade class are practicing how to solve word problems involving the addition of single-digit whole numbers. Which of the following word problems is most appropriate for the teacher to use for the activity?

Jake has 5 marbles, and his sister gives him 3 more. How many marbles does he have altogether?

Question:According to the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, children's moral reasoning processes mature over time.Place each of the following descriptions of children's moral reasoning at different developmental stages in order from least complex to most complex.

1. A child obeys because an authority figure says to obey; morality is based on little thought and avoiding punishment.

2. A child obeys because it is in one's best interest to obey; morality is based on rewards and self-interest.

3. A child's actions emphasize healthy interpersonal relationships; morality is based on loyalty to the group.

When speaking with students and families from different cultures, it is best for a teacher to demonstrate which of the following?

Empathy regarding differences in language and understanding

A classroom teacher wants to implement a student's behavior plan with authenticity and validity. Which of the following strategies is most appropriate for the teacher to use to seek support before implementing the behavior plan?

Meeting with the behavior specialist and special education teacher to brainstorm strategies for managing the plan

A fifth-grade teacher wants to increase student participation in classroom discussions. The teacher can best achieve this goal by using which of the following approaches?

Providing sufficient wait time after asking a question so that all students have an opportunity to develop an answer

Which of the following is the best reason for implementing a professional learning community (PLC) as a professional development tool?

To encourage collaboration and reflection to improve instruction and student learning

A teacher plans to organize students into groups for the purpose of practicing and mastering concepts that were previously taught in class. Which of the following is most important for the teacher to consider in determining group membership?

Individual student needs

Which of the following strategies best targets students' zone of proximal development during reading instruction?

Selecting guided reading books for students at a level above their independent level

Which of the following statements best describes a limitation of an online portfolio for a student assessment?

Content mastery is difficult to determine objectively.

When considering the educational implications for a student with an intellectual disability, the teacher should primarily focus on

modifying the general curriculum and implementing direct teaching strategies

Benson is a third-grade student who receives special education services. He is regularly disruptive in class. His general education teacher has implemented motivational strategies to address Benson's behavior, yet he has not shown improvement. Which of the following is the teacher's most appropriate next step?

Presenting information about Benson's behavior to the IEP team

Several students in Ms.Miss White's kindergarten class avoid attempting tasks that seem difficult to them. She knows the tasks are within their zone of proximal development, but she observes that they give up easily. Ms.Miss White helps them identify and replace the physical reactions of anxiety with slow breathing. She also asks them to recognize and replace thoughts of "I can't do this" to thoughts of "This is hard, but I can do it if I keep working at it." Ms.Miss White is primarily helping students develop which of the following?

Self-regulation

A fourth-grade science instructional objective states that students will be able to compare and contrast food webs from diverse ecosystems. Which of the following types of assessments is the most effective to determine if the students have met the objective?

Creating a concept map

Which of the following statements best describes the benefit of using peer assessment in the classroom?

Students can internalize the characteristics of quality work.

To best plan for the individual needs of students with disabilities, it is ideal for a general education teacher to collaborate with a special education teacher on curriculum

modification

Megan is a second-grade student who experiences difficulty with the following.

Understanding directions given by the teacher during transitions

Recognizing individual sounds in words and word endings that rhyme

Recalling general information and details from stories read aloud

In which of the following areas does Megan most likely have an exceptionality?

Auditory

Which of the following is the most appropriate action a teacher should take if abuse or neglect of a student in the class is suspected?

Reporting suspicions to the appropriate child welfare agency

A fifth-grade teacher wants to help students learn to manage their time more effectively when working on assignments. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial activity to meet the teacher's goal?

Modeling for students how to organize a basic task by listing all the steps and determining the time needed to complete it

A teacher frequently conducts Socratic seminars in an English language arts class. Students read and annotate assigned texts to bring to the seminar along with any questions that emerge while reading. Which of the following sets of expectations best guarantees a collaborative environment during a Socratic seminar?

Waiting to talk until others are finished, speaking to others respectfully, and acknowledging other viewpoints

Which of the following best defines a teacher who is an educational leader and advocate for a school's success?

Serving on committees and representing the school in the community

A sixth-grade teacher begins a literary unit with a roundtable discussion focusing on students' personal life experiences and their aspirations for the future. Which of the following reasons best explains the teacher's rationale for choosing this activity?

Learning about students' diverse backgrounds to understand their unique cultural filters

Which of the following classroom practices best exemplifies Maslow's educational philosophy?

Creating an environment in which students feel safe taking risks

A fifth-grade teacher wrote the following learning objective on the board before beginning a lesson that the principal was observing.

Students will be able to appreciate the need for community members to take a more active role in environmental issues affecting them.

The principal requested that the teacher rewrite the objective. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the principal's request?

The objective needs to include observable and measurable verbs in its statement.

During a whole-group discussion on the westward expansion of the United States of America, a fifth-grade teacher incorporates questioning strategies into the lesson. Which of the following questions will most likely require students to use higher-order thinking skills?

How would the experiences of the settlers on the Oregon Trail be different today?

Which of the following instructional activities is best for a teacher to use to extend a lesson about similes?

Asking students to write their own similes to share with the class

Which of the following is a primary purpose of a teacher using a brainstorming session to start a lesson?

Determining students' prior knowledge

A primary benefit of using rubrics to grade students' work is that rubrics

state explicitly what is expected of students

A fourth-grade teacher is differentiating instruction for a gifted student. Which of the following will best meet the student's needs?

Giving the student a complex, open-ended question to answer

Mario, a kindergartner, recently moved to the United States from Guatemala and is in the early stages of acquiring English. Which of the following approaches best meets Mario's needs?

Helping Mario learn English according to his own pace

Which of the following teacher actions will most effectively support reading motivation in the classroom?

Providing students with books that are relevant to their everyday experiences

A fifth-grade teacher reviewed the results of an end-of-unit math test. About three-fourths of the class demonstrated content proficiency or a high level of content mastery, and a quarter of the class did not achieve basic proficiency. Which of the following instructional decisions is most appropriate in the situation?

Providing reteaching and retesting for students who did not do well, while assigning pre-work activities in a math learning station to the remaining students

A sixth-grade social studies teacher is planning a unit on ancient Egypt and wants to include a field trip to a local museum that has an exhibit about the Pyramids of Giza. However, the school does not have funding available for the field trip. Which of the following strategies best meets the teacher's original goal?

Using the Internet to take students on a virtual tour of the pyramids

Students with which of the following dominant learning styles are most apt to succeed in an academic class that features lectures, discussion, and group work?

Auditory

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for a teacher to use when establishing standards of conduct in a middle school classroom?

Composing a classroom pledge together with the students

Which of the following responsibilities is primarily considered part of a paraeducator's role when working with a classroom teacher?

Assisting the teacher with planning and instruction

The use of heterogeneous groups in order to increase learning in the classroom is best supported by _____________.

A. Piaget's Developmental Theory

B. Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

C. Bruner's Modes of Representation

D. Bloom's Taxonomy

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

The most significant difference between Bruner's Modes of Representation and Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Stages is ______.

A. The ages associated with each mode/stage

B. That Bruner believes generic coding systems allow individuals to predict and invent

C. That Piaget suggests we learn through assimilation and accommodation

D. That Bruner believes an individual is capable of learning any concept at any age as long as it is presented and organized appropriately

That Bruner believes an individual is capable of learning any concept at any age as long as it is presented and organized appropriately

Eight year old Nathan has been failing to reach the class goal of 30 addition facts answered correctly in one minute. The teacher decides to use individual goals for the one-minute timings instead, and adjusts Nathan's goal to 20. This decision most clearly demonstrates a/an ___________.

A. Teacher's misunderstanding of child development

B. Appropriate modification to a cognitive task

C. Clear understanding of a developmental need for competence

D. Both B and C

Appropriate modification to a cognitive task

and clear understanding of a developmental need for competence

A student is able to use counters to show that 3 + 4 = 7, but when the teacher writes 3 + 4 = ? on the white board, the same student cannot answer the question. A reasonable conclusion the teacher may draw is that this child __________.

A. Has not yet reached Piaget's preoperational stage of development

B. Does not respond typically to operant conditioning

C. Is performing at the synthesis level of Bloom's Taxonomy

D. Has a learning disability

Has not yet reached Piaget's preoperational stage of development

Isabel frequently complains that she is not understanding the math material presented in class. Which of the following factors should NOT be considered a likely contributor to this lack of understanding:

A. Gender

B. The methods of instruction

C. Isabel's SES

D. A language barrier

Gender

In the middle of a math lesson, a third grade teacher realizes that several students are having difficulty understanding and applying the strategy involved. The teacher should investigate which of the following as possible causes?

A. low self esteem

B. lack of prior knowledge

C. cultural difference theory

D. Both A and B

low self esteem

and lack of prior knowledge

Alec is always needing reminders to stay on task during math. Despite his lack of attention and engagement, most of his work gets completed with accuracy. His teacher should first pursue the possibility of:

A. An achievement gap

B. A learning disability

C. Underachievement

D. None of the above

Underachievement

Which of the following statements is true of English Language Learner proficiency?

A. Academic English proficiency is key to student achievement

B. English Language Learner achievement gaps are wide only in reading

C. The majority of English Language Learners are not from low-income families

D. Language barriers of English Language Learners do not have long-term detrimental effects on student performance

Academic English proficiency is key to student achievement

Which of the following considerations should you pay the most attention to in first setting up the classroom before students arrive?

A. Desk/table arrangement

B. Location of your file cabinet

C. Attendance procedures

D. Posting expectations

Desk/table arrangement

Research suggests that the core components of effective classroom management do NOT include _____________.

A. The teaching of transition time routines

B. Classroom arrangement

C. Alignment with an authoritarian teaching style

D. Record keeping considerations

Alignment with an authoritarian teaching style

Piaget's process of accommodation is most closely related to ____________.

A. Classical conditioning

B. Cognitive dissonance

C. Attribution theory

D. Intrinsic motivation

Cognitive dissonance

A teacher using systems of positive reinforcement and logical consequences to motivate learners best illustrates the tenets of __________.

A. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

B. Thorndike's Law of Effect

C. Erikson's Theory of Identity & Psychosocial Development

D. Heider/Weiner's Attribution Theory

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Beginning with a standard stated as a student learning objective in order to plan a lesson is an example of ____________.

A. An "anticipatory set"

B. "Backwards Planning"

C. Aligning assessment with the instructional goal

D. None of the above

"Backwards Planning"

Standards allow for _______________.

A. Learning opportunities to be specifically targeted to what a student should know and be able to do

B. Teachers to diagnose learning disabilities

C. Alignment of activities, materials, instructional processes, and assessments

D. Both A and C

Learning opportunities to be specifically targeted to what a student should know and be able to do and alignment of activities, materials, instructional processes, and assessments

In planning a kindergarten sink-or-float experiment with pumpkins, the teacher is confident that most students will be surprised by such a large and heavy object being able to float. S/he designs some discussion questions that will support the students in having to adjust their original schema around what causes objects to sink. This scenario demonstrates the teacher's awareness of ___________.

A. Vicarious learning

B. Zones of Proximal Development

C. Reciprocal Determinism

D. Cognitivism

Cognitivism

All of the following EXCEPT ________ are key components of constructivism.

A. Expository teaching

B. Experiential learning

C. Discovery learning

D. Inquiry

All of the following EXCEPT ________ are key components of constructivism.

Deciding when to teach story elements is primarily an example of considering _____________.

A. Scope

B. Standard alignment

C. Sequence

D. A learning objective

Sequence

One of the first grade teachers is going to include some lessons about heredity in her Family and Ancestry unit, and the other is not. This primarily reveals a difference in ___________.

A. Philosophy

B. Style

C. Scope

D. Sequence

Scope

The first grade standard stating "Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count..." is an example of targeting the ___________ domain(s).

A. Cognitive

B. Affective

C. Psychomotor

D. Cognitive and affective

Cognitive

Which of the following is the best example of a learning objective statement?

A. I am going to show the students how to multiply two digit numbers using a variety of strategies.

B. The student will demonstrate the ability to use a variety of multiplication strategies by solving problems using arrays, repeated addition, and pictures.

C. The student understands the concept of multiplication.

D. The student knows the process of multiplying numbers.

The student will demonstrate the ability to use a variety of multiplication strategies by solving problems using arrays, repeated addition, and pictures.

Jason has been identified as a gifted learner. He finishes his math assignments and tasks much more quickly than the rest of the class. Having Jason helping his peers in class upon completion of his own work is something the teacher should allow ____________.

A. Almost always

B. Frequently

C. Sometimes

D. Never

Sometimes

A student who has been identified as needing enhancement due to high levels of achievement should participate in ____________.

A. RTI

B. GATE

C. Tier 2 Intervention

D. None of the above

GATE

Which of the following activities would NOT be an appropriate and/or worthwhile use of the internet in the classroom?

A. Allowing students to research a topic of choice

B. Using it for free time when work is done

C. Showing a video-clip related to your current content/theme

D. Playing a song related to your current content/theme

Using it for free time when work is done

Which of the following statements about materials that support student learning is NOT true?

A. Information technology has replaced print collections in libraries.

B. Guest Speakers are a useful resource to support student learning.

C. Models and artifacts are examples of tactile resources.

D. Library collections include books, magazines, and DVD's.

Information technology has replaced print collections in libraries.

When selecting a theme a teacher should always consider _____________.

A. The scope or breadth of the topic

B. How it applies to the "real world"

C. How it connects to student interests

D. All of the above

The scope or breadth of the topic, how it applies to the "real world," and how it connects to student interests

Integrated Thematic Instruction (ITI) is a model that arose from a(n) __________ program.

A. English Language Learner

B. Remedial

C. Gifted and Talented Education

D. None of the above

Gifted and talented

The benefits of interdisciplinary instruction include student learning gains in ____________.

A. Recognizing bias

B. Thinking critically

C. Tolerating competition

D. Both A and B

Recognizing bias and thinking critically

All of the following topics except ____________ are great examples of opportunities for interdisciplinary instruction.

A. How Money Affects People's Lives

B. A Gingerbread Man unit

C. An Exploration of Subtraction with Re-grouping

D. An Investigation Into Garden Friends and Foes

An Exploration of Subtraction with Regrouping

The generation of a hypothesis using the scientific method engages students in ________________.

A. Deductive reasoning

B. Inductive reasoning

C. Recall

D. Lower cognitive skills

Inductive reasoning

________ is a fundamental cognitive process that integrates many other cognitive processes (e.g.'s abstraction, synthesizing, and inferencing) and results in a path leading to the achievement of a designated goal or solution.

A. Deductive reasoning

B. Recall

C. Memory

D. Problem solving

Problem solving

Experiential Instruction is characterized by ______________.

A. Teacher direction

B. Open-endedness

C. Learning by doing

D. Both B and C

Open-endedness and learning by doing