History unit 1 test

Wartime Reconstruction

Initial phase of the reconstruction era. while war was still being fought in 1863 Lincoln started the 10% plan. Allowed southern states to form new government once 10% of prewar voters took a loyalty oath to the union. Start of trying to fix the south.

Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)

Where Andrew Johnson offered pardons to southerners who swore loyalty. States had to abolish slavery, ratify the 13th amendment, repudiate secession and cancel their war debts. This started black codes. and A split between the president and radical republicans started.

Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1877)

When Radical Republicans in congress took control of the post-civil war south to protect African Americans but also set strict rules for readmitting states. They added the Reconstructions acts of 1867, 14th, 15th amendment. Leading to African Americans getting voting rights.

Black Codes (1865-1866)

Restrictive laws passed by southern states forcing African Americans to work for cheap mainly in fields. They had limited rights like owning land but can’t vote. This led to the passing of the civil right Act of 1866 and 14th amendment and foundation for Jim Crow Laws.

Sharecropping (1865-1877)

where landowners allowed a tenant to use their land in exchange for portion of the crops. After war American Americans could owner property and work but there weren’t many job available to them except in the fields.

Ku Klux Klan (1865)

Violent hate group that targets minority groups as backlash against reconstruction more specifically against the 13th,14th, and 15th amendments. Would target voters, landowners, or anyone.

Compromise of 1877

Unwritten deal that resolved the dispute of 1876 election and officially ended the reconstruction era. After this came the rise of Jim crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, and segregation since military oversight stopped completely.

Jim Crow (Late 19th century)

System of local laws, rules, and customs that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement (deprived them of political power) of American Americans. A white actor named Thomas Dartmouth mocked African Americans in blackface paint. Triggered many different movements like the great migration and the separate but equal.

Beauvoir (Town)

final home of confederate president Jefferson Davis. Contributes to the lost cause era of the confederacy. This place doesn’t tell the whole truth about the war and slavery to make it seem “better” than it was still to this day teaching kids.

Lost cause Mythology

A narrative that emerged after reconstruction to justify confederate defeat and to minimize slavery and to restore white supremacy. This was part of the rollback of reconstruction and leading to Jim crow laws.

Homestead Act (1862)

Passed by Lincoln during the civil war it gave 160 acres of free public land to citizens who agreed to live on and farm it for 5 years and could be man or women and race didn’t matter just had to be 21. This fundamentally reshaped the US by accelerating westward expansion.

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

Lincoln signed during the civil war that gave government support to build the first railroad and telegraph line across the country. This contributed to improve communication and travel across the country.

Union Pacific (1862)

A railroad company that built half of the first railroad that started in the east and went west. contributed toward western development and travel.

Central pacific (1862)

Built the other half of the first railroad starting in the west and going east. Contributed toward western development and travel.

Sitting Bull (late 19th century)

A native American Chief that fought against the U.S. government policies and them taking their land. Connected to the Plains Indian Wars during the western expansion era with the clashing of cultures.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Ended tribal land ownership and divided reservations into private plots and sold them to native Americans to farm and then they would become citizens. This act contributed to trying to get rid of native American culture instead of making them sovereign nations.

Henry Pratt

An army officer who founded the Carlisle Indian School.

Carlisle Indian School

took Native American children from their homes and tried to get rid of their culture and replace it with American culture. Had horrible conditions. This was the first federally funded boarding school that contributed to erasing Native American culture during westward expansion

Exogenous Domination

Control over a region or population by an external force. American Settlers did this to native Americans by taking over their land and pushing them out during the westward movement and formed state borders and restricted human geography.

Destruction for Replacement

We destroyed native American land with the railroad and farming and the culture because it was different from ours. Now we are trying to restore it and the reservations.

Knights of Labor (1869)

First major labor union in the US that anyone could join no matter race or gender and skilled or unskilled workers. Failed Strikes because wages weren’t high enough.

Terence Powderly

became leader of Knights of Labor and fought for workers’ rights, for everyone no matter their race or gender, for better hours and higher pay and better working conditions.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886)

Labor union only for white males who were skilled workers. Wanted higher wages and lower hours. Still around today. Created a rift between the different groups of people.

Samuel Gompers

Founded the AFL and created it in direct response to Powderly.

Haymarket Riot (1886)

A peaceful strike workers did for 8-hour workdays and police opened fire on them. This really showed the tension between workers and corporate monopolies and sparked a widespread global fight for workers’ rights. Knights of Labor began to decline as they were blamed for the violence.

Pullman Strike (1894)

nationwide railroad strike that severely disrupted rail traffic and shifted national labor policy by showing workers had potential power and shifted how the government and courts intervened in labor disputes. This is the start of the progressive era.

Social Darwinism

the idea of survival of the fittest to human societies, wealth, and politics. Companies used this thinking to justify low wages and long hours to freedmen and women and children. This led to workers pushing more for better conditions.

New immigration (1870-1914)

Most of these immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Most had different religions which sparked lots of conflict and discrimination with different ethnic groups.

Push Factors

Something happening (war, famine, economic problems) that made people want to leave country or town. These sparked lots of people to migrate toward America and other countries.

Pull Factors

Something (Freedom, equality, land) that makes people want to go to that country. Land specifically during this time drew lots of immigrants to America.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

First full exclusion of a group by race by banning Chinese workers from entering the U.S. This led to stricter polices for immigration and eventually stricter border policies we have today.

Jacob Riis (late 19th and early 20th century)

Was a photographer who exposed severe poverty and poor living conditions of immigrants in New York. Eventually led to tenement housing laws to improve these conditions.

Tammany Hall

She helped immigrants with food, housing, etc when welfare programs didn’t exist. She was a powerful NYC political machine that supported new immigrants.

People v Hall (1854)

California Court case where a white man killed a Chinese American and was found guilty but then appealed because the witnesses were Chinese Americans and it was ruled that Chinese Americans and immigrants could not testify against white people. This legalized violence and crimes against Asian Americans.

Organic City

Planning concept that trees a settlement like a living, breathing ecosystem rather than mechanical grids. This promoted social cooperation and community health over industrial growth in neighborhoods.