FINAL EXAM

Chauvinism

Believing oneself to be superior to others

What are the assumptions of identity negotiation theory?

The process when people find their role in the relationship

Assimilation

Changing the message so its considered acceptable.

Know the elements of individualism and collectivism.

Measures of the cultures commitment to the individuals versus the group.

What are the elements of power distance?

How people in a culture manage status and hierarchy.

Explain high vs. low context

- High context cultures: Require less detailed explanation.
- Low context cultures: Don't have to rely on detailed verbal information.

How does uncertainty avoidance impact culture?

A cultures comfort with their differences and obscurity. UA cultures always attend to plan ahead like Asian countries that cook food the day before, or Japan that believes in respecting their elders and children should always obey their elders.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture

Cultural Pluralism

A smaller group of a culture has similar practices to the rest of the group.

Is stereotyping natural?

Yes, its human nature to catergorize people.

What are the elements of masculine vs. feminine culture?

Mascu: Have clear a defined sex roles,
Ex: Women belong in the kitchen, men should be at work. U.S., U.K., U.A.E.
Fem: Both genders have flexible gender roles.
Ex: Women and men should work, Germany, Austria, Japan

Cultural Relativism

The belief that people vary in behaviors, feelings, and traditions depending on their culture.

Stages of Cultural Competence

- Cultural Destructiveness
- Cultural Incapacity
- Cultural Blindness
- Cultural Pre-Competence
- Cultural Competence
- Cultural Proficiency

Understand Social Cognitive Theory

People model other behaviors by observing them. Or modeled behaviors can be directly replicated.
Ex: A child modeling, a violent TV show.

Why are people afraid of globalization in regard to mass media? What does this lead them to do?

Globalization can cause cultures to blend in too similarly.
Ex: Korean culture is adopted into western culture, Mexican culture as well.

What theory states that because we give mass media so much power they need to be held to a higher standard of responsibility and social ethics?
(The idea that media can not tell us what to think but they can tell us what we should think about)

Agenda Setting Theory

Know the difference between modeling, imitating, and identifying.

Modeling: Learning through observation
Imitation: A direct replication of observed behavior.
Identification: Copying observed behavior but not replicating the same behavior, A girl buys a coach bag, but I buy watch; same brand but different purchases.

Hyper-commercialism

The increasing amount of commercials appearing in the media

Clutter

An overload of commercials

Cultural Imperialism

Influencing other countries through mass media

Convergence

Gradual destruction of a traditional distinctions among media

Why is audience fragmentation important? What causes it?

Reshapes media content and it becomes more segmented.

Ambient Advertising

Ads that are in non-traditional settings.
Ex: An IPhone in a movie

What purpose(s) do/does mass media serve for society?

Shares and transmits culture.

What conveys the message in the mass communication process?

Encoding and Decoding

How do critical culture theorists believe the reality of our social world is constructed?

Our social world is based on the interaction between structure and agency.

How is Neo-Marxism different than traditional Marxism?

Neo-Marxism: The rich maintain an influence on society
Marxism: The rich control only production

What are some of the problems that social cognitive theorists feel are exacerbated through mass media?

The theory is limited in that not all social learning can be directly observed.

In the American mass media system, who are the customers? What are the media producers supplying to the customers?

The public are the consumers, media companies supply media to the customers.

Media-Multitasking

Using more than one form of media at once.

Platform Agnostic

Multiple media sites that have neutral aspects in choice of content delivery.

Aliteracy

A decrease of thoughtful reading. The more time we spend online, the shorter our attention span gets.

What are the problems caused by media consolidation among a few companies?

Increased concentration of media ownership can lead to corporate censorship.
Ex: TikTok is owned by ByteDance, a company based in China. The U.S. government has attempted to censor TikTok due to the company and its location.

Why is media literacy important?

The ability to read, interpret, critically assess media texts

When we examine the concept of authorship from a media literacy perspective, what questions do we need to ask?

- Who created this message?
- What techniques were used to attract my attention?
- How will people understand this message differently?
- What lifestyles, values and points of view are represented in, this message?
- Why was this message sent?

As members of an audience, what questions should we ask about the texts we consume?

- All media messages are 'constructed.'
- Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules.
- Different people experience the same media message differently.
- Media has placed values and points of view.
- Most media messages are organized to gain profit or power.

Why is technique important when we examine a mass media text? What does it mean when we use the term technique?

The relationship between technique and media is that techniques are often used to create or enhance media content.

How many different interpretations are there of a single media text? What do those interpretations mean?

There are multiple interpretations, so there are multiple meanings behind each interpretation

When we view or interact with a media production, how do we judge credibility?

Assess the media's source for credibility and reliability, and evaluate the author's expertise.
Ex: How does Donald Trump know that certain ethnic groups are eating dogs and cats?

Is there significance in how a text is shared with the public? If so, what is it?

Yes, the text must be useful, informative, and easy for the audience to decode.

Why do we need to know if something is fact, opinion or something else?

People tend to pay attention to what they want to hear and don't bother to fact check.

What is the difference between hard and soft news?

Hard News: News that is timely and signigicant.
Soft News: News that is typically focused on entertainment and lifestyle.

What qualities are shared by media literate people? What are the benefits of these qualities?

- Reflecting on how you use media
- Identifying sponsored content
- Recognizing stereotypes
- Analyzing propaganda
- Discussing the benefits and risks of media use

How does a person become media literate?

- Double check your news sources
- Check your sources, sources
- Keep your media consumption diverse
- Take a class

What is the connection between media literacy and identity?

Media Literacy: Pertaining the knowledge to be able to research what you search.
Ex: Fact checking a source
Media Identity: How we want others to see us online.
Ex: Influencers

What is the connection between media literacy and democracy?

Media Literacy: Pertaining the knowledge to be able to research what you search.
Media Democracy: Gathering both sides of the media
Ex: Watching both CNN and FOX News

News Literacy

The ability to use critical thinking skills to judge the r credibility of news outlets

Kinderculture

a culture that adultifies children through media
Ex: Disney movies, life is happily ever after, if you wait your prince will come to you.

What are the common fears regarding reliance on the internet?

The internet is often wrong, people with 'cyberphobia' might worry about sharing personal information online.

Why do people need mental downtime? How is this affected by the internet and social media?

People need mental downtime to allow their brains to process information and prevent mental fatigue. Although media prevents this through 'zombie scrolling'

Why do people use social media?

- Communication
- Networking
- Entertainment

Nomophobia

anxiety about not having access to a phone, or phone services

What is the poor get richer hypothesis?

Poor people have more to gain from social interactions

How is technology a double-edged sword?

It allows access to information and communication, it is also a tool that can be misused and abused by individuals of all ages.

Why is there always a backlash against new means of communication?

- Scrolling Syndrome
- Addicting Algorithm