Bio 2640 Exam 6 Ch 28 Ramy OCC

Gonads: Testes

produces sperm and secretes hormones

system of ducts in the male reproductive system

transport and store sperm

Epididymus, vas deferon, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Accessory sex glands (male)

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

supporting structures of male reproductive system

scrotum and penis

Cremaster contraction

Brings testis closer to pelvic cavity for a warmer temp

Normal sperm production requires a temperature of what?

2-3 degrees Celsius below core body temp

Cremaster relaxation

Pushes testis further from pelvic cavity for a cooler temp

scrotal septum

internally divides scrotum into two sacs, each with a single testis

cremaster muscle

Associated with each testis and is skeletal muscle

Testicles (testes)

Each contains seminiferous tubules (sperm carrying)

Where and how is sperm produced?

Produced in the seminiferous tubules through spermatogenesis

spermatogenic cells - sperm forming cells

1. Spermatogonia stem cells

2. primary spermatocytes

3. secondary spermatocytes

4. spermatids

5. sperm cells

6. released in lumen

Slide 27 in words. The numbers occur clockwise

1. Primary follicles

2. Secondary follicle

3. Graffian follicle

4. Corpus luteum

5. Corpus albicans

Sertoli cells - support cells functions

1. Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm

2. Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm

3. Control movements of spermatogenic cells

4. Release sperm into lumen, produce fluid for sperm transport

5. Secrete inhibin to regulate effects of testosterone and FSH MOST IMPORTANT

Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

secrete testosterone

STUDY SLIDE 12

On exam!

How long does it take to produce sperm?

65-75 days

Spermiogenesis

spermatids become sperm

Acrosome and flagella form, mitochondria multiply

Spermiation

release of a sperm cell from a sertoli cell

How much sperm complete spermatogenesis a day?

400 million

head of sperm

nucleus with 23 chromosomes and acrosome

Acrosome

vesicle filled with oocyte penetrating hydrolytic enzymes

tail of sperm

Flagella made up of microtubules

midpiece of sperm

contains mitochondria

How long does sperm survive once ejaculated in female reproductive tract?

No more than 48 hours

neck of sperm

Contains microtubules

LH (luteinizing hormone) in males

stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) in males

Acts indirectly on spermatogenesis

FSH and testosterone

Act on Sertoli cells & stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP)

What stimulates spermatogenesis?

testosterone

Inhibin (male)

Released by Sertoli cells which inhibit FSH

testosterone function

1. Develops male secondary sex characteristics

2. Develop sexual function

3. Stimulate protein synthesis

Male secondary sex characteristics

Deep voice, hair distribution, increase muscle/bone mass

Epididymis

Site of sperm maturation

Can store sperm for 1-3 months

Vas deferon

Conveys sperm through peristaltic contractions

Can store sperm for 1 month

What does the spermatic cord contain?

Vas deferens, testicular artery & vein, autonomic nerves, and lymphatic vessels and cremator muscle

ejaculatory duct

Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just before release of semen

Urethra (male)

allows for urination & ejaculation

Percent of semen volume in seminal vesicles

60%

Percent of semen volume in prostate

25%

Percent of semen volume in bulbourethral gland

15%

seminal vesicles function

Secrete alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins

Prostate function

Secretes slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, seminalplasmin

proteolytic enzymes in prostate

Prostate specific antigen and acid phosphate

bulbourethral glands

Secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra

Mucus lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra

semen

the combination of sperm and seminal fluid

pH of sperm

7.2-7.7

What does semen do after ejaculation?

Coagulate

glans penis

Expanded cap of corpus spongeosum - head

Erection

Parasympathetic

Ejaculation

sympathetic

ovaries produce

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

ovarian ligament

anchors ovaries to uterus

suspensory ligament

attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

germinal epithelium

covers surface of ovary

Tunica albuginae is it's basement membrane

ovarian cortex

contains ovarian follicles in developmental stage

ovarian medulla

contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Graafian follicle

mature ovarian follicle ready to expel secondary oocyte during ovulation

corpus luteum (yellow body)

Produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin until it degenerates into corpus albicans (white body)

What transports secondary oocytes from ovaries to uterus?

Fallopian tubes

uterus anatomy

Fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix (opens into vagina)

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

What contracts in response to oxytocin?

Myometrium

What sloughs off during menstruation?

stratum functionalis

What gives rise to stratum functionalis?

Stratum basalis

cervical mucus is produced by

secretory cells of cervix mucosa

Vagina

Fibromuscular canal

What makes the vagina acidic?

Decomposition of glycogen

What raises pH in vagina?

alkaline components of semen

hymen

mucous membrane that forms border around and partially covers vaginal orifice

mammary glands

modified sweat glands that produce milk

What are the 15-20 lobes divided into?

Lobules composed of alveoli

ovarian cycle

series of events in ovaries that occur during and after maturation of oocyte

uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)

a concurrent series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) in female

Initiate follicular growth

Stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens

LH (luteinizing hormone) in females

Triggers ovulation

Secrete estrogen and progesterone

Estrogens

Promotes development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive structures

secondary sex characteristics in females

Breast enlargement, smaller hands, feet and waist and fat distribution

Progesterone

Secreted mainly by corpus luteum

2 targets for progesterone

Breast and uterus

Relaxin (female)

Relaxes uterus by inhibiting contraction of myometrium

Inhibin (female)

inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

menstrual cycle length

28 days

4 phases of menstrual cycle

1. Menstrual phase (days 1-5)

2. Preovulatory phase (days 6-13)

3. Ovulation (day 14)

4. Postovulatory phase (days 15-28)

menstrual phase events in ovaries

Primordial follicles develop into primary follicles then secondary follicles

menstrual phase events in uterus

Stratum functionalis sheds dishcharging blood, mucus and epithelial cells

Only stratum basalis remains

preovulatory phase events in ovaries

One dominant follicle becomes mature (graffian) follicle

preovulatory phase events in uterus

Estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium which doubles in thickness

Ovulation

Rupture of mature, graffian follicle and release of secondary oocyte

postovulatory phase events in uterus

Progesterone and estrogens promote growth of endometrium

When is the endometrium the thickest?

Postovulatory phase

What causes menstruation?

drop in estrogen and progesterone

postovulatory phase events in one ovary

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin

In the ovarian cycle, what is the luteal phase?

Postovulatory phase

KNOW SLIDE 27

On exam!

If the oocyte is not fertilized

corpus luteum lasts 2 weeks and degenerates to corpus albicans

If oocyte is fertilized

corpus luteum lasts up to 12 weeks bc placenta is fully developed

What is the proliferative phase?

Preovulatory phase