Understanding Operant Conditioning and Its Principles

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Operant Conditioning

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17 Terms

1

Operant Conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

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2

Respondent Behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.

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3

Operant Behavior

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

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4

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

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5

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

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6

Shaping

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

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7

Successive Approximations

Small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

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8

Reinforcer

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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9

Positive Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

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10

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

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11

Primary Reinforcers

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

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12

Conditioned Reinforcers

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

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13

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

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14

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

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15

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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16

Variable-Ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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17

Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

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