C2A Technological Innovation in Computing

Technological Innovation

Process of developing or improving technologies.

Importance of Innovation

Drives progress in healthcare, education, and business.

Computer as a Catalyst

Foundation for advancements in data processing and automation.

Interdisciplinary Impact

Breakthroughs in fields like bioinformatics and fintech.

Innovation Lifecycle

Stages include ideation, development, and commercialization.

Research and Development

Process of creating viable products through experimentation.

Disruptive Innovation

Groundbreaking changes transforming entire industries.

Incremental Innovation

Gradual improvements to existing technologies.

Technical Barriers

Challenges in achieving performance and reliability.

Economic Factors

High costs of research and commercialization.

Ethical Considerations

Implications on privacy, security, and employment.

Early Calculating Devices

Abacus and mechanical calculators laid groundwork.

Analytical Engine

Babbage's design introduced programmability concepts.

Turing Machine

Turing's model foundational for understanding computation.

ENIAC

First electronic general-purpose computer, completed in 1945.

Transistors

Invented in 1947, revolutionized computer size and speed.

Integrated Circuits

Developed in the 1950s, enhanced computing reliability.

Personal Computer Revolution

1970s-1980s introduction made computing accessible.

Operating Systems

Platforms like UNIX and Windows manage hardware resources.

Programming Languages

Languages like FORTRAN and Python enable software development.

Open Source Movement

Collaborative software development promoting sharing and innovation.

ARPANET

Precursor to the internet, enabled packet-switched communication.

World Wide Web

User-friendly access to information via web pages.

Broadband Technologies

Increased internet speed and accessibility in the 2000s.

Web 1.0

First generation of static web pages.

Web 2.0

Dynamic content creation and social interaction.

Web 3.0

Personalized content focusing on user relationships.

Web 4.0

Mobile web with enhanced information linking.

Common Internet Uses

Includes communicating, shopping, and online education.

Online Entertainment

Digital platforms for TV, movies, and music.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Company providing access to the Internet.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

High-speed Internet connection over telephone lines.

Web Browser

Software for accessing and navigating the web.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Address used to access resources on the web.

Top-Level Domain (TLD)

Suffix indicating the type of website (.com, .org).

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Standard language for creating web pages.

Hyperlink

Link connecting to another web page or resource.

JavaScript

Programming language for interactive web content.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Style sheet language for designing web pages.

File Transfer Utility

Programs for uploading and downloading files online.

Internet Security Suite

Software designed to protect online privacy and security.

Search Engine

Tool for finding information on the Internet.

Crawling

Process of bots scanning websites for data.

Indexing

Organizing collected data for quick retrieval.

Ranking

Ordering search results based on relevance.

Boolean Operators

Words used to refine search queries (AND, OR, NOT).

Content Evaluation

Assessing quality and relevance of web content.

Authority

Credibility based on author's credentials and source.

Accuracy

Correctness of information verified by cross-referencing.

Objectivity

Assessing bias and ensuring balanced perspectives.

Currency

Relevance of information being up-to-date.

WHOIS Lookup

Tool to find domain ownership and registration.

Podcast

Audio program series delivered over the Internet.

Wiki

Website allowing collaborative editing by visitors.

Social Networking

Platforms for connecting individuals with shared interests.

Messaging

Communication via text, audio, or video online.

Email

Transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.

Blog

Informational website with informal diary-style entries.

Microblog

Platform for sharing short content like sentences or images.

Webcast

Media presentation streamed to multiple users online.

Text Messaging

Sending short text messages via mobile devices.

SPAM

Unsolicited bulk communication, often via email.

Broadband

High-speed internet access faster than dial-up.

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line using telephone lines for internet.

Fiber-Optic Broadband

Uses light to transmit data at high speeds.

Wi-Fi

Wireless networking technology connecting devices to the internet.

Cellular Networks

Wireless communication through cell towers and devices.

Bluetooth

Short-range wireless technology for data exchange.

RFID

Uses radio waves for automatic identification.

NFC

Near Field Communication for short-range data transfer.

5G Technology

Next-gen mobile networks with faster speeds and lower latency.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Connecting everyday objects to the internet.

Wi-Fi 6

Latest Wi-Fi standard with improved performance.

Digital Divide

Gap between those with and without internet access.

CAN-SPAM Act

U.S. law regulating unsolicited commercial emails.

Streaming Media

Continuous transmission of audio or video content.

Fixed Wireless

High-speed internet via fixed-location wireless technology.

Satellite Internet

Internet access via satellite technology.

Telemedicine

Remote healthcare services using telecommunications.

E-commerce

Buying and selling goods online.

Infrastructure Development

Building necessary facilities for broadband access.