Bio 5

Plasmogamy

The fusion of the cytoplasm of two different fungal mycelia, marking the beginning of sexual reproduction in fungi.

Karyogamy

The fusion of haploid nuclei following plasmogamy, leading to the formation of a diploid nucleus in fungi.

Meiosis

The process that the diploid nucleus undergoes after karyogamy, resulting in haploid spores.

Choanocyte

A flagellated cell found in sponges that creates a water current for filter feeding.

Gnathostome

A vertebrate with jaws; derived from Greek terms meaning 'jaw' and 'mouth'.

Chordates

Animals that possess a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail at some stage in their development.

Tetrapod

A vertebrate that has four limbs or evolved from four-limbed ancestors.

Amniote

A group of animals (reptiles, birds, and mammals) that lay eggs with an amnion, allowing reproduction in dry environments.

Porifera

A phylum that includes sponges, which do not have true tissues or tentacles.

Chondrichthyes

A class of fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, including sharks and rays.

Cnidaria

A phylum characterized by radial symmetry and specialized cells called cnidocytes for capturing prey, including jellyfish and corals.

Nematoda

Animals characterized by a pseudocoelom, a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm, including roundworms.

Mollusca

A phylum of bilaterally symmetrical animals, characterized by a soft body, a muscular foot and mantle, and often a shell, including snails, clams, and squids.

Annelida

A diverse phylum of segmented worms with a true coelom, including earthworms and leeches.

Arthropoda

A phylum characterized by a segmented body, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages, including insects, crustaceans, and spiders.

Echinodermata

A phylum of deuterostome animals characterized by a water vascular system and radial symmetry as adults, including sea stars and sea urchins.

Notochord

A skeletal rod supporting the body in chordates.

Pharyngeal slits

Slits in the pharynx that allow water to exit the mouth during feeding in chordates.

Post-anal tail

A muscular structure at the end of the digestive tract used for propulsion

Invertebrate chordates

The subphylum of chordates that lack a backbone

Cnidaria

A phylum characterized by radial symmetry and specialized cells called cnidocytes for capturing prey, including jellyfish and corals.

Nematoda

Animals characterized by a pseudocoelom, a body cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm, including roundworms.

Mollusca

A phylum of bilaterally symmetrical animals, characterized by a soft body, a muscular foot and mantle, and often a shell, including snails, clams, and squids.

Annelida

A diverse phylum of segmented worms with a true coelom, including earthworms and leeches.

Arthropoda

A phylum characterized by a segmented body, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages, including insects, crustaceans, and spiders.

Echinodermata

A phylum of deuterostome animals characterized by a water vascular system and radial symmetry as adults, including sea stars and sea urchins.

Notochord

A skeletal rod supporting the body in chordates.

Pharyngeal slits

Slits in the pharynx that allow water to exit the mouth during feeding in chordates.

Post-anal tail

A muscular structure at the end of the digestive tract used for propulsion

Invertebrate chordates

The subphylum of chordates that lack a backbone

Vertebral Column

A flexible, supportive rod found in chordates that is replaced by vertebrae in most adult vertebrates.

Craniates

The clade of chordates that have a head, including a brain and sensory organs.

Aquatic gnathostomes with bony