Kinesiology: Planes, Forces, and Motion Principles

What are the cardinal planes used for?

They serve as reference for viewing the body and defining motion.

Name the three cardinal planes.

Frontal, Sagittal, and Horizontal (Transverse) planes.

What is osteokinematics?

The study of motion without considering the forces that cause it.

What is arthrokinematics?

The study of motion at the joints.

What does the term 'moment arm' refer to?

The perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to the axis of rotation.

Define force in the context of kinesiology.

A push or pull that can cause an object to move or change its motion.

What is the formula for force?

F = ma, where m is mass and a is acceleration.

What is torque?

A rotational force calculated as T = F*d, where d is the moment arm.

Differentiate between internal and external forces.

Internal forces are primarily from muscles, while external forces come from outside the body.

What is the difference between mass and weight?

Mass is the quantity of matter in an object (measured in kg), while weight is the gravitational force acting on that object (measured in Newtons).

What does 'elevation' refer to in osteokinematic translations?

The upward movement of a body part.

What does 'depression' refer to in osteokinematic translations?

The downward movement of a body part.

What is the significance of the vertical axis in cardinal axes?

It is the axis around which movements in the transverse plane occur.

What is the role of the medial-lateral axis?

It is the axis around which flexion and extension movements occur in the sagittal plane.

What type of motion occurs in the frontal plane?

Abduction and adduction movements.

What is the relationship between roll and slide in joint motion?

In convex on concave movements, the roll and slide occur in opposite directions.

What is the definition of kinematics?

The study of motion without reference to the forces that cause it.

What is the definition of kinetics?

The study of motion with reference to the forces that cause it.

What is the significance of the term 'superficial' in anatomical terminology?

It refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body.

What does 'deep' mean in anatomical terminology?

It refers to structures that are further away from the surface of the body.

What is the function of the cauda equina?

It is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets that extends from the lower end of the spinal cord.

What is the role of the conus medullaris?

It is the tapered end of the spinal cord, marking the transition to the cauda equina.

Define 'shear' in the context of forces.

It refers to a force that causes one part of a body to slide over another.

What is 'torsion' in biomechanics?

A twisting force that can cause deformation in an object.

What does 'compression' refer to in the context of forces?

A force that pushes or pulls materials together.

What is 'tension' in biomechanics?

A force that stretches or pulls materials apart.

What defines a moment arm?

A perpendicular connection from the line of force to the axis of rotation.

What are internal forces primarily composed of?

Muscle forces.

What is the relationship between internal and external torque?

Internal torque equals external torque (IF × D = EF × D1).

What is Newton's first law of motion?

A body will remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

What does the second law of motion state?

F = m × a, meaning the force is equal to mass times acceleration.

What is the third law of motion?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What is the definition of torque?

Torque is a rotational force that causes an object to rotate around an axis.

What is equilibrium in physics?

A state where the sum of forces and torques acting on an object is zero.

What is the formula for momentum?

Momentum is defined as mass times velocity (p = m × v).

What is impulse?

Impulse is the product of force and the time duration over which it acts (Impulse = F × t).

What is the relationship between impulse and momentum?

Impulse changes momentum; Impulse = Change in momentum.

What is the formula for work in physics?

Work is defined as the product of force and distance (W = F × d).

What is power in terms of work?

Power is the rate at which work is done (P = W/t).

What is the definition of center of mass?

The balance point of an object where all forces are equal.

What is the significance of moment of inertia?

It determines an object's resistance to changes in angular velocity.

What does the term 'vector' refer to?

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

What is the Cartesian coordinate system?

A system that uses two or three axes to define the position of points in space.

What is the tip-to-tail method in vector addition?

A graphical method for adding vectors by placing the tail of one vector at the head of another.

How do you calculate the resultant force from two components?

Use the Pythagorean theorem: R = √(Fx² + Fy²).

What is the formula for calculating the angle of a resultant vector?

Use tan(θ) = opposite/adjacent.

What is the significance of knee flexion during recovery phases in movement?

Knee flexion allows for better shock absorption and stability during movement.

What is the effect of limited knee flexion on walking?

It can lead to decreased efficiency and increased risk of injury.

What is the role of ground reaction force in sprinting?

It is the force exerted by the ground on the body, crucial for acceleration.

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle contractions?

Concentric contractions shorten the muscle, while eccentric contractions lengthen it.

What plane does Flexion occur?

Sagittal

What plane does extension occur?

Sagittal

What plane does Hyperextension occur?

Sagittal

What plane does Dorsiflexion occur?

Sagittal

What plane does plantarflexion occur?

Sagittal

What plane does abduction occur?

Frontal

What plane does Adduction occur?

Frontal

What plane does lateral flexion occur (bending the trunk to the side)?

Frontal

What plane does elevation occur?

Frontal

What plane does depression occur?

Frontal

What plane does inversion occur?

Frontal

What plane does eversion occur?

Frontal

What plane does IR occur?

Transverse

What plane does ER occur?

Transverse

What plane does left/right rotation occur?

Transverse

What plane does pronation occur?

Transverse

What plane does supination occur?

Transverse

What plane does horizontal abduction occur (moving the arm backward from shoulder height)

Transverse

What plane does horizontal adduction occur?

Transverse

What planes does diagonal shoulder movement occur?

Sagittal and frontal planes

What plane does diagonal up movement occur (leg is flexed and abducting)?

Sagittal and frontal planes

What plane does spinal rotation and flexion occur (rotating and bending forward)?

Transverse and sagittal planes

What planes does spinal rotation and lateral flexion take place?

Transverse and frontal planes

What planes does circumduction occur in for the shoulder/UE?

Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

What is the oblique plane?

Multiplanar and diagonal