Module Two Review

When did the middle ages occur?

476-1450

What was the basis of government during the Middle Ages?

Monarch, Theocracy, or Feudal System.

How was the power vacuum left behind by the Roman Empire filled?

The Christian Church stepped in (Western Europe)

What was most music used for?

Sacred purposes, hjowever some secular music did exist.

Musical Notation was in its infancy, what does this mean?

There is not much writing about it.

In later centuries during the Middle Ages what rose about?

The rise of the merchant class, the crusades, Universities, the building of great cathedrals, and Notated secular music Survives.

When was Notre Dame built?

1163-1260

What did the building of great cathedral lead to?

The creation of Organum and polyphony

WHat made secular music Different than sacred music?

it was Performed in vernacular rather than Latin

What was life like in a Monostary>

Individuals withdrew from secular society, partaking in arduous discipline and rituals. Some examples were sever services Daily, reading of lessons, singing of pslams. In addition to growing food, producing goods, and writing/preserving knowledge.

WHat is a single-line melody (monophonic), nonmetrical musical genre that follows inflections of latin text?

Plainchant

What Plainchant syllabic, neumatic, or melismatic?

All of the Above

Plainchant was played during the Middle Ages making it before the idea of harmony, Meaning that it was played not in tonal but in Modal. what else was Plainchant specifically?

a cappella

What does modal mean?

Does not lead to a note.

Plainchant took many Generations to Codify (standardize), who gets the credit?

Pope Gregory, which is the reason that plainchant is commonly referred to as Gregorian Chant, which was mostly written anonymously.

What is the set order of chrurch services and structure of each called?

The Liturgy

Mass consist of two parts the proper and the Ordinary. The proper can change depending on the occasion, however the ordinary did not change. What are the parts of the Ordinary in order of when they are played?

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Santus, Agusde

What are Neumes?

The symbols of a plainchant

When did Hildegard of bingen live?

1098-1179

Hildegard of BIngen was given by her parents to the church as a tithe. She lived in a stone cell (her bedroom) from age Eight until her fdeath and took the vows of the church at the age of 14. What made her famous?

She experienced visions (mystic or prophetess) that gave her poems and music, which led to her Founding a monastery in 1150.

Why were Hildegard of Bingen’s music not fit for church?

She wrote poems in a very expressive compositional style, she was a woman, and her songs cam from prophesy, which was not seen as a gift from God.

What does Alleluia, O virga mediatrix mean?

For feast day honoring Virgin Mary

How many parts was Alleluia, O virga mediatrix In?

Three parts

• alleluia (sung by all)

• Verse (sung by single leader)

  • Alleluia (sung by All)

What was Alleluia, O virga mediatrix form?

Responsorial (Call and Response)

The gregorian chant was also split into three parts, why was this?

It was Because of the Holy Trinity

• The Father

• The Son

• The Holy Spirit

What makes Western Music traditions different than most of the World?

Emphasizes the creation and coordination of simultaneous musical lines

Notated polyphony was preceded y improvised polyphony when did notated polyphone emerge?

850 AD

What was the result of Notated Early Polyphony?

It lead to the early predecessor of Harmony.

What was required of early polyphony but not monophone?

Greater Notational precision

What was the name of the genre with both a second voice and a gregorian melody?

Organum

The cathedral of Notre Dame was the most important entity in the 12th and 13th centuries for music, what did Leonin do?

He was the first to use organum in the form of a 2 part chant with another voice.

What did Perotin do?

He was a student of leonin and too over after his death, improving on Leonin’s teaching and pushing Organum to 3-4 voices.

What are the Characteristics of Gaude Maria virgo (Rejoice, Virgin Mary)

• Opens with two voices singing in a rhythmic mode ove a sustained bottom voice.

  • The bottom voice was taken from the chant (Is the Tenor)

  • Style of Perotin, highly melismatic

• Alternated polyphony (For soloist) with monophony (for the Choir)

What did Medieval Minstrels and Court Musicians play about?

They played a popular repertoire of songs and dances that reflected Medieval life..

Why were the songs of Medieval Minstrels important To music as a whole?

They are the Earliest written record of secular music by poet musicians.

What is a Minstrel?

• Wondering, versatile entertainers who were on the fringe of society

• They gave Descriptive accounts and their music was not notated.

• Anything was game for their music; their love life, their kings, unfortunate Circumstance, etc.

Who were Troubadours and trouveres?

• French-poet musicians, who flourished at various aristocratic courts of Europe

• Some times were actually members of aristocracy and royalty (e.G. King Richard the Lionheart)

Where were Troubadours (feminine; trobairitz) from?

Southern France

Where were trouveres from?

Northern France

Troubadours and Trouveres used the notation system developed for Plainchant (neumes). Where did they typically play their music and what was it about?

• They Typically played for Dancing, banquets, ceremonies, tournaments, civic professions, and Military campaigns

• Their music was typically a poem that idealized love, Chivalry, laments (Sad Songs), political and moral ditties (short Songs), chronicles of the Crusades adn War Songs.

When was Raimbaut de Vaqueries alive?

1155 - 1207

Who was Raimbaut de Vaqueries?

He was of huble orgin, the son of a poor knight, form Occitania (southern France), who served Marquis Boniface I fo MOntferrat (Northwestern Italy). During his service he was knight and unfortually killed. 35 of his poems survived but only seven were preserved in music. One such piece was Kalenda Maya

What does estampie mean?

A troubadour fance song

True or False:

The sung dance form was not common in late medieval France

True

What is a Rebec?

An Early Violin

WHat is a Guitarra Moresca?

An early Guitar

What is a Naker?

A Hand Drum

What is Strophic Form?

The same music Repeated with different words.

Why was worship music so prominent in Early Middle Ages?

It was a shared Feature Among many world Cultures allowing for a more intense personal and collective connection with the divine.

Who first fostered teh extensive development of worship music?

Religious communities (monasteries)

What is the music of the early christian church called chant that features monophonic, nonmetric melodies set in one of the church modes, or scales?

Plainchant

What are the three categories that plainchant melody fall into?

• syllabic

• neumatic

• melismatic

What was the earliest type of polyphoney sung at Notre Dame where two, three, or four vocal linessung in fixed rhythmic patterns

Organum

What is a fixed Rhythmic pattern of the middle ages called?

Rhythmic mode

What enabled the transfer of music between the Middle East and Europe?

The Religious Wars (The Crusades)

What did song texts of the middle ages focus on?

Idealized Love, and the Values of Chivalry (a code of behavior).

Who was a poet-compose of the French Ars nova (new art) who wrote sacred music and polyphonic hansons set to fixed text forms?

Guillaume de Machaut

Wha tis a chanson?

Secular song

What are the fixed test forms?

Rondeau

Ballade

Virelai

What did Machaunt’s chanson Ma din est mon commencement employ?

• A Palindromic form

• An enigmatic test to display composition craft

who was an early master of Italian madrigal?

Jacques Arcadelt

What is Italian madrigal?

A sixteenth-century tradition that Linked music and lyric poetry. Madrigals usually Feature expressive text setting, word-painting, and multiple meanings.

What was a famous English madrigal?

John Farmer

What made English madrigals different than Italian Madrigals?

They were often simpler and lighter in style than their italian counterparts.

How did renaissance sacred music perform?

a cappella and featres a fuller, more consont dound than medieval music.

Who wrote Ave Marica… virgo serena and what is it about?

Josquin des Prez; It’s a motet to the Virgin Mary set in varied textural styles, which are designed to convey the changing meanings in the texts

Who was it that believed that monophonic congregational singing in the vernacular should define Christian worship, while Catholic establishment preferred trained singers and poluphony.

Luther and Calvin

What did Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina make that met the Council of Trent’s demands for a cappella singing with clearly declaimed text?

Pope Marcellus Mass

What has Dance music both been in Western tradition?

Groundbreaking and Provocative

How was medieval musicial instruments categorized?

• soft (bod)

  • Loud (haut)

What did both professional and amateur musicians played instrumental dance music?

Embellishments

Who was Mauchaut?

A transitional composer from 1370 - 1400s who performs Ars Nova.

What type of harmony was used in Ars Nova?

3rd or 6th interval which implies more dissonance

WHat is counterpoint?

1 voice against another

What does renaissance mean?

Rebirth, specifically of ancient greek and roman texts. This resulted in a time of secular concerns, a growing reliance on reason, and the idea of humanism Flourishing.

When was the Renaissance?

1450-1600

What is the idea of Humanism?

Looking more at ourselves than what the church does.

Where did the renaissance begin?

Florence, italy or other Italian city states

Medieval painted presented life through symbolism; Renaissance preferred?

Realism: the landscape, perspeced, and focused on physical Loveliness.

Who was musicians in the renaissance supported by?

the church, city an state

What emerged during the Renaissance due to the rise of the merchant class?

Amateur Musicians

What is a lute?

The guitar of the Renaissance

What is a madrigal?

A form of Music that is typically shared in song between freinds?

Where did Renaissance music take strides?

Through secular genres, like a professional performing at court and civic festivities or Amateurs making music in their homes.

What were the two inmportant genres in Madrigal music?

• French Chanson: French Love Song (Manchent

• Italian Madrigal: the Origin of Madrigal

What did Madrigal music compose of?

• Secular vocal compostion for three to eight voices

  • sung from part books, chamber music

What was the text of Madrigal music?

Short poems, lyric or reflective Character; emotional words for weeping, sighing, trembling, dyingWh

at were the topics of Madrigal?

Love, unrequited love, humor & satire, politics, scenes of city and country life

What is music theat directly reflects the meaning of the words, by using expressive devices to enhance emotional content?

Word-painting; which was all madrigalism was.

Who was part of Late Madrigalism who was influential and extended his composition into the Baroque period?

Claudio Monteverdi

when was Claudio Monteverdi alive?

1567-1643

What was one of Monterdi’s most famous works?

Si ch’io vorrei morire (truly I want to die)

What were the characteristics of Si ch’io vorrei morire?

• From monteverdi’s Fourth Book of Madrigals

• 5-voice a Cappella, Italian madrigal

• through composed, return of opening phrase

• modal, with affective dissonances

• Alternated homophony and polyphony

• words Repeated for rhetorical effect.

When did madrigal flourish in England?

During the elizabethan era

Who was John Farmer?

AN english Composer and organist from 1570-1603 who wrote Fair Phyllis

What were the characteristics of sacred music during the Renaissance?

• Chant, hymn, motets, polyphony settings in Mass

• harmony was fuller with “sweeter” third and sixth intervals.

• Very carefully controlled dissonance

• Cantus firmus or fixed melody

What is cantus firmus?

The descendent of plainchant tenor lines where a known melody was taken from plainchant or from secular music and used.

Who was Josquin des Prez?

An early Renaissance (1450-1520) Motet composer from present day Belgium and northern france who was one of the first to use wind instruments.

What was Prez’s famous work and what are the characteristics?

Ave Maria … virgo serena (Hail mary…gentle Virgin) (1480s)

• four voice a capella choir

• follows the form of poetry

• musical references to preexisting chant

• varied musical textures

• imitative polyponey adn moments of homorhythm

• Voice combinations to highlight emothion aspects

• final line relfect humanism: “O mOther of God, remember me”

Who caused the protestant movement?

Martin Luther (1483-1546) Augustuan monk who posted the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, was excommunicated by the Catholic Church. He was an admirer of Josquin and encouraged polyphonic worship Music in the Vernacular of the people.