Marine Conservation Bio Exam 3 FSU

What is Aquaculture?

The act of growing aquatic organisms under controlled conditions

What are the types of aquaculture

products

scale

closed

open

1. products-sport fishery to commerce

2. scale-ponds, sea ranches

3. closed- fish spend their entire lives in pens

4. open-reared to size and then release

What is Fishmeal?

A protein-rich powder made from cooked, dried, and ground fish products that is used as feed in aquaculture or fertilizer

What are the negative effects of aquaculture?(8)

1. Wasted Biomass

2. Water Usage Impacts

3. Ecosystem Level Interactions

4. Loss of Mangroves and Salt Marshes and Nursery Habitats

5. Decimate Local Markwts

6. Genetic Limitation

7. Escaped can Lead to Invasive Species

8. Increased Predation

Can aquaculture compensate for declining wild stocks?

In theory it can. HOWEVER, the way aquaculture is being practiced today cannot compensate for declining wild stocks. If anything, todays' aquaculture is perpetrating the declination in wild stocks

What is pollution?

Impurity caused by contamnation

the presence of pollution in the environment is a product of human activity which have harmul effects or objective effects

What is point-source pollution?

any discrete and confined convyeyance

.includes pipes, containers, feed lots, and vessels which

pollutants may be discharged

What is non-point source pollution?

Multiple sources rather than a single discrete source

.May be harder to identify

What is Bioaccumulation?

When a substance does not break down and accumulates in an organism over time

What is Biomagnification?

When a substance that doesn't breal down accumulates in an organism and further accululates theough consumption uo trophic levels

What are biomarkers?

Some aspect of the body is used to measure the effects of the pollutants

ex) enzymes, hormone concentrations, phenotypic anomolies

What is eutrophication?

Eurtophication is the increase in primary productivity and organoc matter om aquatic systems caused by excess nutrients(nitrogen and phosphorus)

What are the sources of eutrophication(excess input of nitrogen and phosphorus)?(4)

1. Farm Runoff

a) fertilizer

b) fecal material from farm animals

2. Sewage

3. Nitrogen from Nitrogen Fixation by Leguminous Crops

4. Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen from Fossil Fuel

Combustion

What are the effects of eutrophication? (3)

1. Increased Algal Growth and Habitat Loss

excess phytoplankton can shade out corals and benthic

plants

2. Harmful Algal Blooms(HABs)

ex)red and brown tide

Toxic to fauna and people

Cause mass mortality of fauna

3. Hypoxia and Anoxia

dead phytoplankton sink and their decomposition utilizes

oxygen

worst in coastal zones

both lead to mortality

permanent reduction or loss of biodiversity

Hypoxia

Environment with less than 2-3 mg/L of O2

Anoxia

Environment with no O2

What are EDC's?

EDCs are Endocrine Disrupting Compounds. EDCs are compounds that when in sufficient concentrations elicit responses under the control of endocrine hormones

What are the sources of EDC to the marine environment? (5)

1. Aerosols

2. Runoff

3. Landfill Leakage

4. Industrial Waste

5. Sewage Discharge

Prescription drugs are peed out and end up in the ocean

What are the effects of EDC's? (6)

1. Thin Eggs

2. Abnormal Gonad Morphology

3. Reduced Rates of Gamete Production and Release

4. Reduced Gamete Quality

5. Gender Reversals

6. Changes in Reproductive Behavior

Be able to choose another pollutant, name its sources to the marine environment, and name and explain its effects.

Sound Pollution

diesel engines, jetskis, and boats, and sonar cause it

fish experience altered behavior along with temporary or permanent hearing loss. Croakers, drums, and toadfish use sound to reproduce. Larvae use the sound of reefs to find their way back for recruitment.

What are the two effects of CO2 pollution

1. Global Warming

CO2 causes ocean acidification not GW

2. Ocean Acidification

What are the effects of global warming on the marine environment? (5)

1. Temperature Rise

By 2100, Temp will incerase by 2-11.5 degrees farenheit

2. Changes in Deep Water Circulation

Deepwater formation is impacted by rising temp

Loss of water sinking

More freshwater from glacial melting

feedback loop: heat is not released to atmosphere, water

further warms

3. Lower Dissolved Oxygen

Is temp dependent

Animals use more O2 in warmer temps

4. Melting of Polar Ice

Warmer air and sea temps

Higher latitudes absorb most heat

5. Other Effects

Weather events, sound velocity, sea level rise

What are the biological effects caused by global warming in the marine environent? (4)

1. Physiological

2. Effects on Distributions

3. Effects on Phenology and Species Interactions

4. Adaptation

Explain the biological effects caused by global warming in the marine environent (4)

1. Physiological

Changes in respiration and metabolic rates(inc)

Chages in primary productivity(decr)

Changes in stratification bc upwelling decreases

Slowed growth rates

Slowed reproductive rates

Increase in Disease Spread

2. Effects on Distributions

3 deg C temp change shifts isotherms of 300-400km in lat

shift in deoth, move poleward, and deeper to maintain

ideal temps

Invasive species increase

Increase in pioneer, highly mobile, weedy, and opportunistic

species

3. Effects on Phenology and Species Interactions

Decoupling of phenological relationships

Means species will struggle to know when to migrate

and spawn

Mismatching of trophic levels and functional groups

4. Adaptation

Species with short generation times can experience

microevolution to adapt to warmer temps

What is phenology?

The timing of life history/cycle events that are triggered by environmental cues

ex) lighting, temp, and tides influence migration or spawning

What is ocean acidification?

Ocean absorbs CO2 , pH of ocean decreases and becomes more acidic. Surplus of H+

Explain the Process of ocean acidification

Ocean acidification occurs when CO2 is absorbed into the water at a high rate. It reacts with water molecules (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This compound then breaks down into a hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). The presence of all these hydrogen ions is what decreases the pH, or acidifies the ocean. Ocean acidification affects marine organisms that make calcified shells/skeletons. pH is expected to be 8 after 2025. pH is currently 8.1 and was 8.2 before industrialr revolution.

What are the three forms of calcium carbonate?

1. Calcite

2. Aragonite

3. Magnesium-Calcite

What organisms uses Calcite? (3)

1.Coccolithophores

2. Octocorals

3. Foraminifera

What organisms uses Aragonite? (2)

1. Scleractinian Corals

2. Pteropods

What organisms uses Magnesium-Calcite? (2)

1. Crustose Coraline Algae

2. Octocorals

Rank the dissolvability of calcium carbonate forms from hardest to easiest

Calcite> Aragonite> Magnesium-Calcite

What are the five effects of ocean acidification?

1. Physiological Effects

2. Metabolic Effects

3. Reproductive Effects

4. Trophic Effects

5. Habitat Effects

Explain the five effects of ocean acidification

1. Physiological Effects

Decrease in calcification rate

Coccolithophores have an increased growth rate

2. Metabolic Effects- internal regulation of pH

Shell dissolution to combat acidity of seawater

Photosynthesis and cellular transport inhibited

Greater metabolic Demand

3. Reproductive Effects

Impacts reproductive potential of orgs

Sea Urchin- impacts growth rates and reproduction

4. Trophic Effects

Causes trophic cascades by affecting lower levels of

trophic systems

Decline in predators and increase in phytoplankton

5. Habitat Effects

Decline in structure formers

More 3D structure= more habitats for other orgs

Tropical shallow corals harbors 20% of marine diversity

and increase productivity

Deep see corals harbor invert communities & provide

nurseries for fish

Deep sea coral could be more at risk due to shifting ASH

Are deep sea coral reefs or shallow coral reefs more at risk from ocean acidification?

Deep Sea Coral Reefs

How do organisms naturally disperse in the ocean? (3)

1. Water Circulation

Currents change direction

Gyres could deposit larvae

2. Flying or Swimming Organisms

Things get caught in seabird feathers

3. Rafting

Things hitch a ride on algal mats and driftwood

What is ASH?

Aragonite Saturation Horizon

What are the natural barriers to dispersal? (7)

1. Differences in Environmental Parameters

2. DIfferences in Biological Parameters

3. Geologic Events

Ex) Isthmus of Panama

4. Changes in Sea Level

5. Changes in Ice Levels

6. Limited Larval Dispersal

7. Larval Behaviors

All of these have led to a natural diversificaition of organisms

What is an introduced species?

species spread by human activaty that are not native to a region

synonymous terms: invasive, invader, nonindigenous, exotic, introduced and alien species

What is a range expansion?

when a species spreads to a new location through natural processes

What are the human vectors for species dispersal/introductions? (4-7)

1. Shipping, Drilling Paltforms, and Dry Docks

a) Internal- ballast water

b) External- fouling organisms

2. Movement of Live Organisms

a) aquaculture

escapes and release of species

b) packaging materials

can move algae which can become invasive

c)science and education

release orgs after study is completed

3. "Web as a Vector"

4. Canals

The creation of canals allows gived organisms a way to

migrate to places not previously possible

5. Conservation Efforts

Introduce a population to a new area in hopes of

preserving it

6. Scientific Research

7. Plant Restoration

Moving seagrass can trap orgs and introduce them to a

new area

What are Fouling organisms?

Organisms that can attatch/cement themselves to things

ex) ascidians, hydras, sponges, tunicates, barnicles

What are the impacts of invasive species (6)

1. Alteration of Structure

a) add structure

Makes more habitat for further invasions

ex) worms that create worm reefs, marshgrasses

b destroy structures

Causes a loss of habitat

ex) Isopod- Sphaeroma terebrans

erodes mangrove roots

2. Competition for Food or Space

Leads to displacement

ex) periwinkles comete w/ native snails

3. Predation to Native Species

4. Reductions in Recruitment

5. Introductions to Pathogens

ex) white spot from Asia has spread through the fish trade

6. Hybridization

Leads to loss of genetic diversity in native species

All of these cause changes in diversity, abundance, and distribution of native species

What are synergistic impacts?

The interaction of discrete conditions such that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual parts or effects

What is genetic diversity?

the range of genetic variation in a population

What is phenotype?

the observed state of a trait that is based on genetic makeup and environmental factors

What is heritability?

a statistic that can be used to determine the likelihood a particular character will undergo directional evolution due to exploitation

What is an example of synergistic impacts and how they work?

Overexploitation of predators which causes a top-down release in urching for pop ecplosion. Cumulative overexploitation of reef fishes and alrge herbivors. This causes the release of algal food source from grazing. More food bottom-ip and less predation(top-down) causes urchin pop explosion. Disease outbreak kills all urchin. Top-down release on algae bc nothing is left to eat it. Combined with increased nutrients from eutrophication, warmer waters, and extra CO2, the algae pop explodes and overgrow corals. The corals are also weakened by disease and warmer temps, ocean acidification. The result is a completely different ecosystem. Every anthropogenic impact builds on the ones before it and concurrent with it

What is directional selection?

a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype

What are the characteristics that make organisms likely to experience directional selection?

1. Short Generation Times

2. Large Populations Times

3. Faster Rates of Evolution

What are the main lists of species at risk of extinction?

1. Endangered Species Act(ESA)

U.S. act to protect U.S. Species

Categorizes people as endangered or threatened

2. NOAA- Office of Protected Services

Lists 165 marine orgs as endangered/threatened

3. IUCN Red List

International list

Keeps track of orgs facing ectinction

4. CITES- convention on international trade in endangered species

Appendix 1- most critically endangered and can't be traded

Appendix 2- not currently threatened but could be if

exploitation isn't curtailed

can be traded w/ proper management

Appendix 3- organisms that are protected in at least 1 country

any country can list species

How does the ESA define endangered?

a specied in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range

How does the ESA define threatened?

a species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future

Name the categories of IUCN Red List

1. Extinct

2. Extint in the wild

3. Critically endangered

4. Endangered

5. Vulnerable

6. Near threatened

7. Least concern

8. Data deficient

9. Not evaluated

What are the three types of extinction?

1. Ecological Extinction

2. Economical Extinction

3. Biological Extinction

What is Ecological Extinction?

population is reduced to such low numbers that the species can no longer carry out its role in its native ecosystem

What is Economical Extinciton?

population reduced to such a low level that the species is not profitable to capture

What is Biological Extinciton?

no specimens are left alive

What are the habitats found in the deep-sea ecosystem?

Soft Sediment Habitats

1. Continental Margin

2. Abyssal Plains

Hard Substrate Habitats

3. Seamounts

4. Canyons

Chemosynthetic Habitats

5.Hydrothermal Vents

6. Cold Seeps

7. Whale Falls

8.Sunken Wood and Organic Remains

What are the Deep Sea Soft Sediment Habitats? (2)

Soft Sediment Habitats

1. Continental Margin

.Includes shelf, slope, and rise

2. Abyssal Plains

. 75% of the seafloor

. very low sedimentation rates

What are the Deep Sea Hard Substrate Habitats? (2)

Hard Substrate Habitats

1. Seamounts

. Mostly hard-substrate but has soft portions

. Volcanic in origin

2. Canyons

. diversity hotspots

. conduits- transport organic matter to deep ocean

. structurally diverse

. larval sources adjacent to continental margins

. refuges from ocean acidification

What are the Deep Sea Chemosynthetic Habitats? (4)

Chemosynthetic Habitats

1..Hydrothermal Vents

. Ephemeral- events last 10s to 100 years

. Fastest growing orgs

. Found at spreading centers at mid-ocean ridges

. Large Biomass but low diversity

2. Cold Seeps

. Found in subduction zones

. Stable Environments

. Can last 1,000s of years

. Slowest groying at mm/year

3. Whale Falls

. Dead whales sink to seafloor

. Whale bones have lipids and their decomp produces

H2S and Methane

. Creates microbial mats

. Can last 100s of years

. Act as disperal and evolutionary stepping stone

for vent and seep fauna

4.Sunken Wood and Organic Remains

. Most ephemeral of deep-sea habitats

. Least well developed

What are the reasons we should care about the deep sea? (7)

1. It is the Largest Ecosystem

2. Substantial Reservoir of Biodiversity

.90% of benthic environment is in the deep sea

3. Provides Important Ecosystem Goods and Services

. Geochemical cycling

. Natural carbon burial

4. Global Ocean Conveyor Belt

. Upwelling zones- what happens in the deep sea comes

back to the surface and impacts fauna and humans

5. Intense Scientific Interests

. Good at tracking gradual long-term changes in

euphotic zone properties

. Scientists can track ocean productivity

6. Fauna are Very Vulnerable

7. Rapidly Increasing Anthropogenic Impacts

. Increasing bc we are depleting land and shallow water

resources and need to resort to deep sea

What are the characteristics that make the deep sea more vulnerable? (11)

1. Relatively Low Productivity Environment

2. Highly Dependent on Surface Productivity

. Food comes from surface

3. Relatively Low Energy and Disturbance Environment

. species aren't adapted to change and are more vulnerable

to disturbance

4. Bottom of the Bucket Effect

. the deep sea collects everything from land and overlying

layers

5. High Biodiversity Per Unit Area

. makes the deep sea take longer to recover

6. Large Habitat Areas

7. Broad Species Distributions

8. Unknown and Unexplored

. Can't brgin to estimate species richness

9. Complete Lack of Interest

10. Largely in International Waters

. no protection until recently

11. Life History Characteristics

. long-lived

. slow- growing

. late maturity

. slow biological rates

. adapted to low disturbance

What are the categories of anthropogenic impacts to the deep sea? (3)

1. Disposal

a) bottom of the bucket

b) indirect disposal

c) direct disposal

2. Exploitation

a) fisheries

b) mining

c) oil and gas

d) methane hydrates

3. Ocean Acidification and Global Warming

4. Synergistic Effects

5. Timing of Impacts

Explain the categories of anthropogenic impacts to the deep sea

1. Disposal

a) bottom of the bucket

. ultimate repository for disposal

ex)PCBs, DDTs, Methylmercury

b) indirect disposal

. litter, waste, ships lost at sea

c) direct disposal

. i) radionuclides and radioactive waste

. ii) chemicals and pharmaceuticals

. iii) sewage sludge, drilling and mining tailings

.iiii) CO2 Disposal

. poposition to sequester excess CO2 by turing it into

liquid form and dump it in the sea

. kills fish, impacts respiration

2. Exploitation

a) fisheries

. impacts benthos and seamounts by trawling

b) mining

.4 types in Deep Sea

i) Polymetalic Sulfides

. grow on seamounts and hydrothremal vents

. these and deep-sea coral habitats are impacted

. vent ecosystems are most resilient bc ephemerality

ii) Cobalt-Rich Manganese Crusts

. on seamounts

iii) Manganese Nodules

. on abyssal plains

iiii) Metaliferous Muds

c) oil and gas

. habitats imapcted include continental margins, cold

seeps, deep sea corals

. drilling muds and drilling cutting harms habitats by

burrowing fauna and smothering them, organic

enrichment, chemical pollutants, and inhibiting

larval settlement

d) methane hydrates

. methane is a GHG

. inputs more methane in atmosphere

. unstable bc methane can sublime

. highly flammable

. extraction can cause landslide

3. Ocean Acidification and Climate Change

4. Synergistic Effects

5. Timing of Impacts

What are the impacts of Ocean Acidification and Climate Change?

. both caused by excess CO2 in the atmosphere

OA

. affects orgs w/ calcium carbonate skeletons

. makes ASH get shallower

. primary productivity changes

CC

. ocean is warming where deep water circ occurs

. increased stratification

affects O2 supply and temp

changes in pH

What are the problems with mining?

1. Remove Hard Substrate

. kills fauna and subtrate is eradicated

2. Affect Surrounding Communities

. large volumes of sediment are resuspended

. plumes go downstream and smother fauna

What is the average depth of the ocean?

3800 meters

What are the life characteristics that make orgs more likely to go extinct?

1. Slow population turnover

. long life span

. slow growth rate

. low natural mortality

2. Low reproductive potential

. low fecundity

. single lifetime reproductive event

. long time between reproductive events

. older age at reproductive maturity

. male-female sex change

. aggregated spawning in predictable locations

. density dependent reproduction

3. Low capacity for recovery

. limited disperal abilities

. density-dependent effects on settlement or mortality rate

4. Restricted range geographically or with depth

. nearshore occurrence

. dependence on estuaries

5. Small population sizes

6. High trophic position

7. Reduced larval dispersal

8. Large body size

9. Long-life span

10. Target of fishery and also caught as bycatch