Population and Migration

What are the most populous countries?

1. India

2. China

3. USA

4. Indonesia

5. Pakestan

What is demography?

the study of human population

What do Physical features influence?

influences where people live

Where do more people live?

at low elevations along the coast

Where do fewer people live?

at high elevations with cold climates

True or false: population growth rates vary by region?

true

Why have global rates of population growth slowed down?

antibiotics and vaccines mean more children survive, so women have fewer (not the case everywhere in the world)

What is Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?

births per 1,000 population Ex: 9 births/1,000 population

What is Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

deaths per 1,000 population Ex: 8 deaths/1,000 population

What is Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

% by which population grows each year (does not include immigration) NIR=CBR-CDR/10

What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

average number of children a women will have during her child bearing years

If a Replacement-level fertility is 2.1, what does it lead to?

zero population growth

Can NIR and TFR be decreased?

yes

How can NIR and TFR be decreased?

1. paid jobs for women (not just farming)

2. access to contraceptives

3. public policy that encourages smaller families (India has done this)

What are pro-natalist policies?

government policies that promote large families Countries need a workforce in the future!

What are some examples of pro-natalist policies?

paid maternity leave, subsized child care (have had limited success)

What are anti-natalist policies?

government policies that encourage or mandate a decrease in fertility rates

When did the one child policy in China end?

in 2016 because it was working too well

What is doubling time?

years needed for a population to double. Rule of 70

What is the equation to find the doubling time?

70/annual percentage growth rate

What is infant mortality rate?

annual number of deaths of infants under 1 years old per 1,000 population (lack of clean water/malnutrition/lack of healthcare make this increase

What is life expectancy (at birth)?

number of years a newborn is expected to live (reflect conflict, healthcare, investment in public health)

What did Thomas Malthus believe?

believed population was growing faster than food production and a Malthusian Crisis would occur

Explain what the Malthusian Crisis is?

1. too many people and not enough food, becomes unsustainable

2. population would have to reduce due to famine, conflict, or disease

Has the Malthusian Crisis globally come true?

no

What events proved Malthus wrong with his prediction?

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. The Green Revolution

What was The Industrial Revolution?

new farming machines (seed drill), railroads=better food distribution, larger farms produced more

What was The Green Revolution?

huge increase in food output, pesticides, fertilizers, GMOs

What do both The Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution reveal?

reveal that through innovation, food production is not arithmetic

Who are the Neo-Malthusians (20th/21st C)?

1. people who build on Malthus’ ideas by applying them to current environmental issues like climate change and resource depletion

2. would argue for family planning and anti-natalist policies

What sustainability arguments are relevant to Malthusian theory?

1. carrying capacity

2. over population

What are population pyramids?

graphical representations that show the distribution of various age groups in a population, divided by gender

What is each age group in a population pyramid called?

a cohort

What does the triangular population pyramid (fast) mean?

many people yet to reach reproductive years (LDC)

What does the rectangular population pyramid (slow) mean?

younger replaces older at approx. same rate

What does narrow base population pyramid (-) mean?

few people in youngest cohort (MDC)

What is a guest worker?

1. a person who temporarily migrates for employment purposes

2. often work in agriculture, construction, or hospitality

3. most common in the Middle East (Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia)

4. worker exploitation (low wages) is a major challenge with these programs

What is dependency ratio?

1. the ratio that shows how many dependents there are (under 15 and over 65) for every working adult (between 15-64)

2. helps explain the economic burden places on working cohorts

What kind of dependency ratio does the aging populations have?

high ratio (high healthcare costs)

What kind of dependency ration does the young populations have?

high ration (need for education)