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Modality
The extent to which something is certain to happen
Accent
The way words are pronounced, often denoting the poet comes from another country. When written down, accent is often spelt phonetically
Adjective
A word that describes the noun
Adverb
A word that describes the verb
Alliteration
The repetition of the same consonant sounds at any place, but often at the
beginning of words
Anthropomorphism
Where an animal is given human qualities
Apostrophe
A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply
Assonance
The repetition or a pattern of (the same) vowel sound
Asyndeton
Where connectives are left out of a sentence or line of poetry, often creating a
list-like style
Connotation
What a word suggests beyond its basic definition.
Dialect
Linking to accent, but these are specific words used by people from a certain area
Ellipsis […]
Makes the ending of something tense and keeps the reader holding on until the
Next part because they want to know what has happened.
Euphemism
The use of a soft indirect expression instead of one that is harsh or unpleasantly direct.
Hyperbole
A figure of speech in which deliberate exaggeration is used for emphasis. Eg. tons of money, waiting for ages, a flood of tears, etc.
Imagery
The use of pictures, figures of speech and description to evoke ideas feelings, objects actions, states of mind etc.
Irony
Expressing something by using words that mean the opposite
Juxtaposition
A stark contrast between two ideas, words or phrases which don’t seem to fit together
Litotes
An understatement - opposite of hyperbole
Metaphor
Where two things are compared WITHOUT using as or like. They are compared by saying that one IS the other.
Metonymy
Using the name of an object to represent a bigger idea which it’s related to, such as “crown” for “monarchy,”or “count heads” for “count people.”
Mood
A distinctive emotion or feeling displayed by a poem. Links to tone.
Motif
A recurring symbol (where a word or phrase represents something else)
Onomatopoeia
Figure of speech in which words are used to imitate sounds. Examples of onomatopoeic words are: buzz, hiss, zing
Oxymoron
Two complete opposites put together (iced fire) to create a contrast
Personification
A figure of speech in which nonhuman things or abstract ideas are given human attributes
Preposition
A word category which explains where something is (on, under, in) etc
Pronoun
Word category which explains ‘who’ without using their name (she, us, I)
Reification
To give something alive qualities of a inanimate object
Repetition
Where something is said more than once to emphasise your point.
Rhetorical Question
A question where the writer doesn’t want you to answer. This technique is used so that you think about what is being said
Rule of three
This technique is often used to get a point across to the reader – 3 adjectives in a list
Simile
A figure of speech in which two things are compared using the word "like" or "as."
Symbol
When a word, phrase or image 'stands for' an idea or theme.
Theme
The dominant idea which runs through a poem such as death, love, hope etc
Theriomorphism
Where a human is given animal qualities
Tone
The way something is said or written can show what the speaker or writer is really thinking, especially when it indicates that their attitude is ironic or satirical, and that the true meaning of the text is hidden below the surface. It can help to think of ‘tone of voice’ here, and the many different ways in which words can be expressed.
Verb
A doing word
Imperative verb
A command / bossy verb (sit there, run faster)
Modal verb
An advice or suggestion verb (might / may / could)
Viewpoint
The position, place or perspective from which we are encouraged (or forced) to consider the events and characters within a text. Our view may be deliberately restricted so that we only receive one point of view, while other potential viewpoints are misrepresented or missing altogether.
Preposition
A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause
eg. (with, to, of, over, under, by, etc.)
Conditional
If, when(?)
Parallel Phrase
A parallel structure that begins with a phrase must continue with similar phrases
Eg. I like cooking, cleaning, and swimming
Conceptual Metaphors
Refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another.
We borrow from something existing to describe something conceptual.
Something concrete to describe something abstract.
