PUBLIC SPEAKING UNIT 2

Informative speaking

a way to educate an audience about a topic by presenting facts and evidence

Persuasive speaking

A way to convince an audience to believe or act in a certain way

Specific purpose

an infinitive phrase that builds upon the speaker’s general purpose to clearly indicate precisely what the goal of a given speech is

Appropriate communication verbs (Informative)

inform, demonstrate, explain

Appropriate communication verbs (persuasive)

Convince

Specific purpose example

“To explain to my classmates why term life insurance is a better option than whole life insurance policies”

Central idea

A statement that contains or summarizes a speech’s main points

Central idea example

“In this speech I will try to motivate you to join me next month as a volunteer at the regional Special Olympics.”

Primary sources

information that is first-hand or straight from the source; information that is unfiltered by interpretation or editing

Secondary sources

information that is not directly from the firsthand source; information that has been compiled, filtered, edited, or interpreted in some way

Types of support material

Examples, narrative, testimony, statistics

types of testimony

Expert and peer

Guidelines to use statistic effectively

Reputable, authoritative, and understandable

3 strategies to gain audience attention in introduction

Humor, statistics, questions

What part of the introduction creates a mental outline of the body for the audience?

Connectives and purpose

2 goals for closing statement

Ending speech with attention getter and closing the speech without saying it is over

Recency

Most important info last, 2nd most important info, and least important info first (MOST IMPORTANT INFO LAST)

Primacy

Most important info first, least middle, and 2nd last (MOST IMPORTANT INFO FIRST)

Complexity

Easiest, difficult, and hardest info

Spacial organization

an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged according to movement in space or direction (In the mountainous region of the North, the food emphasizes cheese and meat.)

Chronological organization

an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged in time order (The feminist movement in the 3 waves)

Cause and effect organization

Arranges information according to the casual relationships between ideas or events (Implication of children having unrestricted internet access)

Subordination

Statements placed at a lower order in the outline should justify the statement to which they are subordinate

Divison

At least 2 subpoints must be provided for each subdivided idea outline

Symoblization

Each statement should be labeled with a # or letter to signify its rank in relation to other ideas in the outline

Completeness

Subpoints should provide support for all concepts in the superior point

parallelism

the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, and meaning

Signpost

a type of connective that emphasizes physical movement through the speech content and lets the audience know exactly where they are; commonly uses terms such as First, Second, Finally

Internal summary

a type of connective that emphasizes what has come before and remind the audience of what has been covered.

Internal preview

a type of connective that emphasizes what is coming up next in the speech and what to expect with regard to the content.

Concrete language

tangible objects/conditions that can be experienced by senses, specific and precise (referring to an apple)

Abstract language

language that evokes many different visual images in the minds of your audience (Describing something as kind or loving)

Allusion

an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference. I'm Juliet to your Romeo

alliteration

repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage. (Martin Luther Kings speech)

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, or grammatical structures (Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country)

metaphor

a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two (Love is a battlefield)

Simile

a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind (specifically using the terms “like” or “as”), used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (She was as cool as a cucumber)

Parallelism

the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, and meaning (Easy come, easy go)

Personification

Giving non human thing human like attributes (The sandwich is calling my name)

Repetition

Uses same words in multiple sentences (Home sweet home)

Impromptu

the presentation of a short message without advance preparation

Extemporaneous Speaking

the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes

Manuscript

the word-for-word iteration of a written message

Which nonverbal characteristic of delivery has the most influence on the speaker’s credibility?

Eye contact